Topic
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Topic Introduction Terms to Compare Hypothesis—theory Discovery science—hypothesis-based science inductive reasoning—deductive reasoning Endosymbiosis Theory—Principle of Evolution— Cell Principle—Principle of Emergent Properties Scientific Method Quantitative—Qualitative Accuracy—precision Intrinsic error—systematic error Experimental value—Theoretical value Mean—standard deviation Correlation—Causation (r;r2) vitalism—mechanism abiotic or prebiotic synthesis—protobiont homologous structures – vestigial structures Domains: bacteria—archaea—eukarya unicellular—multicellular Kingdoms: protista, plantae, animalia, fungi Ionic—covalent—hydrogen bonds hydrophobic—hydrophilic—colloid solution—solvent—solute acid—base—buffer Carbohydrate—lipid—protein—nucleic acid dehydration synthesis—hydrolysis DNA—RNA replication—transcription double helix – single folded chain Early Evolution Chemistry Macromolecules including Nucleic Acids Cells Prokaryotic—eukaryotic mitochondrion--chloroplast Nucleus—nucleolus—nucleoid endomembrane system members Review Questions Which overall themes of biology relate to specific characteristics of life? Which cellular structures are responsible for homeostasis? How does the structure of DNA allow for both variation of some characteristics and relative constancy of other characteristics in future generations? How does a normal distribution curve and standard error allow you to determine confidence intervals? Which steps in the proposed evolution of life on earth are supported by evidence? Why is RNA proposed as the first hereditary material? What evidence supports endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and plastids? What properties of H2O make it so amazing and necessary for life? How does protein structure affect its function in such areas as catalysis, transport across a membrane and cell communication? How does the structure of a macromolecule relate to its energy value for the cell? To which cellular structures do carbohydrates, lipids and proteins contribute? How does the secondary structure of DNA provide stability? How do elements of the cytoskeleton affect reproduction, including cell division? What are similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? What are similarities and differences between plant and animal cells? Where can different types of ribosomes be found, do they all have the same function? Topic Membrane Structure Membrane Function Enzymes Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis Terms to Compare phospholipids—steroids integral –peripheral—transmembrane proteins gap junctions—plasmodesmata Channel protein—carrier or transport protein hypertonic—isotonic—hypotonic Facilitated diffusion—active transport countertransport (antiport) —cotransport (symport) Diffusion--Osmosis—chemiosmosis endocytosis—exocytosis exergonic reaction—endergonic reaction active site—activation energy—allosteric site competitive inhibitor—non-competitive inhibitor— allosteric inhibitor ATPsynthase—phenolase—rubisco—ribozyme— phosphfructokinase—isocitrate dehydrogenase— citrate synthase—isomerase Respiration—fermentation glycolysis—citric acid cycle crista—inner membrane—intermembrane space--electron transport chain ATP—GTP---cyclic AMP Photosynthesis—cellular respiration autotrophic—heterotrophic absorb—reflect—transmit absorption spectrum—action spectrum C3—C4—CAM ATP production—ATP consumption ATP—NADP/NADPH Electron Transport Chain (photosynthesis vs. respiration) Photosystem I—photosystem II cyclic—non-cyclic electron flow Review Questions Describe how the relationships between macromolecules, as defined in the Fluid Mosaic Model, contribute to the function of the plasma membrane. Describe how the six major functions of membrane proteins relate to other chapters we've covered in the class. How is enzyme activity affected by factors such as enzyme concentration, pH, substrate concentration, temperature changes, and the presence of inhibitors? Describe the use of macromolecules for energy in the presence and absence of oxygen and carbohydrates. Identify points in the complete breakdown of glucose that are regulated by changes in enzyme activity. Can an organism that has no chloroplasts do photosynthesis? How do wavelength and energy relate to different colors of light? What is the spatial organization of chemiosmosis in mitochondria vs chloroplasts? Topic Cell Division Life Cycles Embryology Cell Communication Terms to Compare Mitosis—meiosis—binary fission Chromosome—chromatid Haploid—diploid cytokinesis—interkinesis G1/S/G2/M—cell cycle regulatory genes/proteins reductional division—equational division mitosis/meiosis—gametophyte/sporophyte spermatogenesis—oogenesis Haplontic—diplohaplontic—diplontic fertilization—syngamy gametophyte—sporophyte gametangium—sporangium induction--determination—differentiation---growth--morphogenesis Blastula—gastrula—neurula ectoderm—mesoderm--endoderm local signaling—long-distance signaling Receptor—ligand reception—transduction—cellular response apoptosis—necrosis Review Questions Describe the evolutionary progression of types of cell division. What processes lead to genetic variation? What are the evolutionary trends shown in life cycles that were studied? What role does cell communication play in developmental processes? What role does cell communication play in cellular division? What are the different types of receptors, how do their functions differ? How might second messengers play a role in fertilization? Topic Evolution Terms to Compare microevolution—macroevolution natural selection—evolution discrete characters—quantitative characters allele—gene dominant—recessive genotype—phenotype—homozygous—heterozygous— population variation within—between survival of the fittest—struggle for existence prezygotic barriers—postzygotic barriers geographic isolation—reproductive isolation allopatric speciation—sympatric speciation—adaptive radiation autopolyploid—allopolyploid punctuated equilibrium—gradualism clade—group homologous structures—vestigial structures— analagous structures convergent evolution—divergent evolution— coevolution Review Questions Provide examples of evolution found at the molecular, cellular and organismal levels. Compare the evolutionary theories of Darwin and Lamarck. How do mutation and sexual reproduction contribute to evolution? At what stages in mitosis or meiosis might chromosomal aberrations occur? How is the Hardy-Weinberg equation used to determine if evolution has occurred? What factors alter allele frequencies? How does this relate to modes of selection? What things can biologists compare when determining species? Know how to read and interpret a phylogenetic tree. What can and cannot they be used for? Why was rRNA used to determine new three-domain system?
