Bio 100
Exam 4 Study Guide
I. Chapter 13: DNA Structure
A. Terms
1. Base sequence
2. Transcription
3. RNA
11. Introns
12. Exons
13. Codons
21. Ribosome
22. Elongation
23. Termination
4. mRNA
14.
5. tRNA
15.
6. rRNA
16.
7. Uracil
17.
8. RNA Polymerase
18.
9. Promoter
19.
10. Pre-mRNA processing 20.
Genetic code
24. Gene mutations
Anticodon
Amino Acids
Dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction
Peptide bond
Polypeptide
Initiation
B. Figures: 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions
1. By what method is information stored in DNA?
2. What are the four nitrogen-containing bases found in DNA? Is your response
the same for RNA?
3. What special ability allows DNA polymerase to reduce errors in DNA
replication?
4. Describe a heritable versus a non-heritable mutation
5. What is the semi-conserved model of DNA replication?
6. What was the seminal discovery made by Watson and Crick?
7. Who was Rosalind Franklin?
I. Chapter 14: How Proteins Are Made – Genetic Transcription, Translation, and
Regulation
A. Terms
1. Base Sequence
11. Introns
21. Elongation
2. Transcription
12. Exons
22. Termination
3. RNA
13. Codons
23. Translation
4. mRNA
14. Genetic Code
24. Gene
5. tRNA
15. Anticodon
6. rRNA
16. Amino Acids
7. Uracil
17. Peptide bond
8. RNA Polymerase
18. Polypeptide
9. Promoter
19. Initiation
10. Pre-mRNA processing 20. Ribosome
B. Figures: 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6, 14.7, 14.8, 14.9, 14.10, 14.11,
14.13, 14.14, 14.15
C. Tables: 14.2
D. Study Questions
1. By what method is information stored in DNA (again?!)?
2. What is transcription? Where does it occur in eukaryotic cells?
12. What acts as the template for transcription?
13. What are the four nitrogen-containing bases found in DNA? Is your response
the same for RNA?
14. What molecule is responsible for carrying out transcription?
15. What is/are the name(s) for the product(s) of transcription?
16. List the three types of RNA and give a brief description of each.
17. What is the function of the promoter region? Is the promoter found on the
DNA or RNA?
18. Describe the process of pre-mRNA processing. Your response should include
the following terms: intron, exon, RNA polymerase, and mature mRNA transcript.
19. Which types of RNA listed in #7 can be translated?
20. What is the template for translation?
21. What is the product of translation?
22. What is the function of a codon and how does it involve the genetic code?
23. What is the amino acid that corresponds to the following codon: UGG?
24. What is the function of the ribosome?
25. What is the function of the tRNA? How is the anti-codon important to this
function?
26. Briefly describe the events during the following stages of translation:
initiation, elongation, and termination.
27. How does the ribosome “know” when translation of a particular mRNA is
completed?
28. How are the following terms interrelated: polypeptide, amino acids, and
dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction?
I. Chapter 15: Biotechnology
A. Terms:
1. biotechnology
2. blastocyst
3. clone
4. embryonic stem cells
5. plasmid
6. polymerase chain reaction
13. transgenic organism
7. Recombinant DNA
8. Reproductive cloning
9. Restriction enzyme
10. Somatic cell nuclear transfer
11. Therapeutic cloning
12. transformation
B. Figures: 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 15.8, 15.9, 15.10
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions:
1. What do restriction enzymes do? How do they work?
2. What are sticky ends?
3. What is a transgenic organism?
4. What is the process of genetic exchange performed by bacteria?
5. Extra chromosomal rings of bacterial DNA often used in cloning are called
what?
6. Describe the process of building recombinant DNA.
7. Using recombinant DNA, how are human proteins produced by bacteria?
8. Why are genetically modified organisms controversial?
9. Describe the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer.
10. What is reproductive cloning?
11. What is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
12. What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?
13. From where are embryonic stem cells obtained?
14. With regard to stem cells what does pluripotency mean?
15. What is cellular commitment?
I. Chapter 16: Introduction to Evolution
A. Terms
1. Evolution
12. Genetic Equilibrium
2. Biogeography
13. Mutation Rate
3. Comparative Morphology 14. Natural Selection
4. Fossils
15. Hardy-Weinberg Rule
5. Charles Darwin
16. Fitness
6. Alfred Wallace
17. Directional Selection
7. On the Origin of Species 18. Stabilizing Selection
8. Population
19. Disruptive Selection
9. Polymorphism
20. Sexual Selection
10. Gene Pool
21. Balanced Polymorphism
11. Allele Frequencies
22. Gene Flow
23.
24.
25.
26.
Genetic Drift
Bottleneck
Founder Effect
Fixation
B. Figures: 16.3, 16.9, 16.11, 16.14
C. Tables: None
D. Study Questions:
1. What was Darwins core principle of evolution?
2. Describe natural selection.
3. Observations from what regions were the most influential to Charles Darwins
development of evolutionary theory?
4. What influence did Charles Lyell have on Darwin?
5. Who was Alfred Russel Wallace and what did he do?
6. What are the six lines of evidence that are in support of the theory of
evolution?
7. How does DNA nucleotide base difference effect degree of relation between
species?
I. Chapter 17: The Means of Evolution -Microevolution
A. Terms
1. Species
2. Gene Pool
3. Microevolution
4. Macroevolution
5. Evolution
6. Mutation
7. Gene Flow
8. Population
9. Genetic Drift
10. Bottleneck Effect
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Founder Effect
21. Polygenic
Nonrandom Mating
22. Allele Frequency
Assortive Mating
Sexual Selection
Natural Selection
Adaptation
Directional Selection
Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive Selection
Fitness
B. Figures: 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6, 17.9, 17.10, 17.11, 17.12
C. Tables: 17.1
D. Study Questions
1. What does the term “evolution” mean with respect to allele frequencies within
a population?
2. What are the five sources of genetic variation between generations of a
sexually reproducing population?
3. How would a change in each of the conditions (a violation of them) result in
a change in allele frequencies?
4. What is the relationship between changing allele frequencies in a population
and microevolution?
5. Are mutations always “bad”? How are lethal mutations eliminated from a
population?
6. What is the fate of neutral and beneficial mutations with respect to their
frequency in a population?
7. What determines whether an individual in a population is considered “fit”?
Can an individual be fit in one circumstance but less fit in another?
8. How does the process of natural selection affect those individuals who are
“more fit”? “Less fit”?
9. Be able to distinguish between directional, disruptive, and stabilizing
selection. Give real life examples of each.
10. How has sexual selection created sexual dimorphism in some species?
11. How can the random process of genetic drift result in the complete loss or
fixation of an allele in a population?
12. State real life examples of a bottleneck and the founder effect and explain
how these result in reduced genetic variability in the population.