Atmosphere and Ocean
Weather is the day-to-day conditions of the
atmosphere. It is caused by two main things:
unequal heating of the earth’s surface by the sun
earth’s rotation on its axis
El Nino – 3rd greatest cause of the weather see page 11
The unequal heating is caused by the earth’s tilt
and curvature. The earth’s rotation causes wind
and ocean currents. Some parts of the earth get
hotter than others, and the heat is spread around
unequal heating causes vertical winds – hot
by the atmosphere. air rising and cold air sinking
Greenhouse effect; Yeah! See page 5
earth’s rotation causes horizontal or straight wind;
earth rotates more than 1000 mph at the equator; merry-go-round
The atmosphere is the area of gases that
surrounds the earth. It is held to earth by
gravity. The air you breathe is part of the
atmosphere. Air is a colorless, odorless, and
tasteless mixture of gases. It is matter and
takes up space
(mass and
volume). The
atmosphere has
the following
ingredients:
Why is the sky blue
if gas is invisible?
Rayleigh scattering
air on the ground – sea level
Atmosphere and Ocean - 2
nitrogen - 78% of the atmosphere; inert gas; dilutes oxygen;
mostly useless for animals in its pure form; bacteria “fix”
nitrogen and turn it into nitrates and nitrites which are used
by plants and animals to make proteins and DNA Nitrogen cycle Yeah!
oxygen - 20% of the atmosphere; used by plants and animals
for respiration - breathing and making food; includes ozone - a
poisonous bluish form of oxygen with a strong odor; when
ozone is produced on the ground from cars and factories, it is
harmful and forms smog; from the middle to the top of the
stratosphere is the ozone layer; the ozone layer acts like a
shield that absorbs the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) energy which is
8% at 8 min = fatal;
destructive to life and causes cancer. 24% max for no effect
water vapor - varies between 1 to 4% of the atmosphere;
heavy greenhouse gas; absorbs heat
argon - 1% of the atmosphere; inert gas (does not combine
with anything); used in welding
carbon cycle Yeah!
carbon dioxide CO2 - 0.04% of the atmosphere; produced when
materials burn (combustion) and when humans and animals
breathe out (respiration); heavy greenhouse gas; absorbs heat
methane, hydrogen, CFC’s - trace greenhouse gases, less than
1 % of the atmosphere
trace = small amount
helium, neon, krypton, xenon, radon - other inert trace gases,
less than 1 % of the atmosphere
Inert means that it will not chemically react with anything, won’t stick to
anything
Radon: dolomite sedimentary rock – crushing the rock is a physical
change not a chemical change
Atmosphere and Ocean - 3
The atmosphere has five main layers which are
identified mainly by their:
change in temperature – main way we tell them apart
pressure/density – how heavy are the gasses
content – what types of gasses If heavy gases sink,
what do light gases do?
The atmosphere extends out about 41,000 miles
from earth’s surface to outer space, but most of the air
is concentrated into the bottom two layers (troposphere
and stratosphere - 0 to 30 miles above the ground) due
to gravity. The layers beginning from the surface are:
troposphere, stratosphere these two are the lower atmosphere
mesosphere, thermosphere these two are the upper atmosphere
thermosphere:
ionosphere = lower thermosphere; exosphere = upper thermosphere
Heavier gases separate from lighter ones and are
near the surface. Different gases absorb different
amounts and types of solar energy. This is why the
temperatures change through the layers. From the
ground, the temperature first decreases, then
increases, then decreases, then increases, then
decreases to outer space. Each layer has a top part,
called a p a u s e , where the temperature stays the same
for a distance.
Atmosphere and Ocean - 4
The troposphere is about 5-11 miles deep (26,000 to
60,000 ft). It is the layer closest to earth and
contains most of the air. The troposphere is where
weather happens. Temperatures drop as you move
away from the earth (go higher). The top part of the
troposphere is called the tropopause. It acts like a lid
to keep water vapor and other heavy greenhouse gases
in the troposphere. The temperature stops dropping
is heavy so it stays in the troposphere.
and remains at -76°F. Water
So, all weather happens in the bottom layer of the atmosphere.
The earth’s atmosphere spreads out the heat from
the sun, so the
earth has an
even
temperature.
The worldwide
average
temperature
on the ground
or standard
atmospheric
temperature is
59°F or 15°C.
+136°F Libya Africa;
+134°F Death Valley CA;
-129°F Antarctica;
-80°F Alaska
Moon: +253°F to -387°F
Space: -454°F absolute zero: -459°F
Does earth’s average atmospheric temperature always stay the same or does it change
over time? What could cause it to rise or drop? Earth’s average temperature changes constantly!
Atmosphere and Ocean - 5
The greenhouse effect is the trapping of heat by the
tropopause. Life on earth could not exist without it.
Radiant energy is both absorbed by the ground and reflected
back to the atmosphere. Heavy greenhouse gases in the
troposphere such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane
absorb the reflected energy and reflect it back to earth.
Much of the heat is trapped like a blanket. The amount of
energy trapped depends on the contents of the troposphere.
Venus has a much thicker atmosphere causing its average
temperature to be almost 900°F, while Mars has a much
thinner atmosphere causing its average temperature to be
around -81°F. Things that could change the atmosphere and ocean content and temp of the earth:
(1)volcanic eruptions/plate tectonics, (2) pollution, (3) earth’s tilt (Milankovitch cycle), (4) sun spots.
What could happen if the earth’s average temperature increases a little in a short time?
melting ice; less land; less food; more rain; flooding; economy – energy, fuel;
animal extinctions?
Atmosphere and Ocean - 6
Adding extra gases such as CO2, ozone, methane, and CFC’s
from car exhaust fumes and factory emissions increases the
amount of trapped energy in the troposphere. Global
warming, sometimes called the enhanced greenhouse effect,
refers to the increase in
global average temperature
potentially due to human
activity. A rise in global
temperatures could mean
higher sea levels, less land,
different vegetation - direct
impact on human civilization.
What could happened if the earth’s average temperature decreases a little in a short
time? less plants, animals, food; droughts; economy – heating prices, fuel/energy
What is a carbon sink? - where carbon is stored.
Are we just moving carbon around?
There are
extremist positions that
people take on both
sides of the issue of
global warming. Some
think that human beings
have totally caused the
recent rise in global
temperatures, while
some think that humans
have not had an effect
at all on climate change.
What is Cap and Trade? The government wants to limit the amount of CO2 emissions that factories can produce.
Companies can sell their pollution to other companies if they don’t pollute as much. PROBLEMS: Big Tax on
companies – higher prices. Some companies will go out of business. Higher prices for companies will mean higher
prices for us. Energy/ CO2 emissions may be reduced in some ways but will be increased in other ways due to higher
prices. This may mean
pollution. Is pollution really being reduced? This is a shell game!!! Are the gasses
really adding to climate change anyway? What about China, Russia, and Iran? Do these countries care about the
environment? Saddam Hussein’s oil field fires? 252-336 million gallons in the Persian Gulf. Worst oil spill in world history!
Carbon dioxide doesn't absorb the energy from the sun, but it does absorb some of
the heat energy released from the earth. So in effect, carbon dioxide lets the light
energy in, but doesn't let all of the heat energy out, similar to a greenhouse.
through earth NOT to earth
Atmosphere and Ocean - 7
There are three ways that heat travels on earth.
conduction: heat moves from direct contact between two or
more objects; things touching
radiation: heat moves with no contact between objects; pure
context – pure energy that
energy; sunlight to earth moves in waves
convection: heat is carried between objects by a medium - liquid
or gas; heater/fan; boiling water, wind, magma
“radiation” or radioactivity can mean a lot of different things: (1) protons and
neutrons leaving the nucleus- poisonous or (2) pure electromagnetic energy
Most energy on earth travels
in convection currents. A
convection current is a moving
wave of liquid (water) or gas (air)
caused by heat spreading
molecules apart. Heat energy
causes a liquid or gas to rise
because it gets lighter. As the heat is slowly lost, the
molecules get cooler and heavier and sink. This movement
causes currents.
All winds on earth are convection currents. They move
vertically (up and down) when warm low pressure
(lighter/less dense) air rises and cooler high pressure
(heavier/more dense) air sinks. Winds move horizontally (side
to side) because of the earth’s rotation. Winds are always
described by the
. Hot things rise
Cold things sink
Convection cells are large bodies of moving air. They are
global wind patterns that are named for the
.
Atmosphere and Ocean - 8
The Coriolis Effect is the cause of worldwide wind
patterns in which winds are deflected and move to the
right in the northern hemisphere and move to the left in
the southern hemisphere. The Coriolis Effect is caused
by the earth’s rotation. Cool air from the polar regions
sink down while warm air from the equator rises. The
rotation causes the winds to be deflected.
Convection cells found in the troposphere – bottom layer; about 50,000 feet thick
the mathematical expression for the Coriolis force appeared in an 1835 paper by French scientist Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis
Six distinct global wind patterns are formed from
the Coriolis effect- three on each hemisphere.
polar easterlies (60° to
90°latitude)
Jet stream is here
westerlies (30° to 60°
5-10 miles thick
latitude)
troposphere
east trade winds (0° to
30° latitude)
Atmosphere and Ocean - 9
The horse latitudes are at 30° latitude in both
than hundred
hemispheres. Because it is the area between Less
miles wide?
convection cells, there is no horizontal wind here.
Winds sink straight down. The doldrums are at the
equator - 0°. Because it is the area between convection
cells, there is no horizontal wind here. Winds rise
Why are almost all of earth’s deserts are found at 30° and
almost all of earth’s rain forests are found along the equator?
sinking high pressure air = warms as it sinks, dry
warm low pressure air
rises and condenses forms rain
straight up.
Jet stream are often called rivers of air. They are
narrow bands of strong wind found at the top of the
troposphere. Their paths typically have a meandering
or winding shape. The width of a jet stream is typically
a few hundred miles and its vertical thickness often less
than three miles. Jet
stream winds usually have a
speed of 150 to 300 miles per
hour, but speeds up to 450
miles per hour have been
recorded. In the northern
hemisphere jet stream winds
blow from west to east but
the flow often shifts to the
north and south.
Atmosphere and Ocean –
There are actually two jet streams: the polar jet and the subtropical jet
What about the Polar Vortex?
10
The location of jet stream shift throughout the
year and they are said to "follow the sun" since they
move north with warm weather and south with cold
weather. Jet stream are also stronger in the winter
because there is a large contrast between colliding
arctic and tropical air masses. In the summer, the
temperature difference is less extreme between the air
masses and the jet stream is weaker.
One of the most important impacts of the jet
stream is the weather it brings. Because it is a strong
current of rapidly moving air, it has the ability to push
weather patterns around the world. As a result, most
weather systems do not just sit over an area, but they
are instead moved forward with the jet stream. The
position and strength of the jet stream then helps
meteorologists forecast future weather events. In
addition, they are important to air travel because flying
in or out of them can reduce flight time and fuel
consumption. One future benefit of jet streams could
be to power airborne wind turbines.
In Ohio the jet stream affects the weather during the winder by bringing
the north and changing the
.
Alberta Clippers (1-3 in snow max)
precipitation is influenced more by the subtropical jet – snow storms and thunderstorms
from
Westerly convection cell – travels west to east
Atmosphere and Ocean – 11
Two main jet streams affect weather in North America.
polar jet stream: between 23,000 to 39,000
feet above the ground; located around 60° north
latitude but moves to 30°; has the strongest
winds
subtropical jet stream: between 33,000
to 52,000 feet above the ground; located at 30°
north latitude; has lower wind speeds
Ohio 40 degrees
El Nino is a climate event where a tropical South
Pacific ocean current found around the equator and
countries of Peru
and Chile warms a
few degrees. It is
a convection
current, not a
storm. It is one of
the largest factors
in global weather.
El Nino is Spanish – the boy
El Nino = Peru current – cold current in the south east Pacific
“Is there such a thing as "normal", aside from El Niño and La Niña? Over the long-term record, sea-surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific diverge from normal in a roughly
bell-curve fashion, with El Niño and La Niña at the tails of the curve. Some researchers argue there are only two states, El Niño and non-El Niño, while others believe either El Niño or La Niña is always
present to a greater or lesser degree. According to one expert, NCAR's Kevin Trenberth, El Niños were present 31% of the time and La Niñas 23% of the time from 1950 to 1997, leaving about 46% of the
period in a neutral state. The frequency of El Niños has increased in recent decades, a shift being studied for its possible relationship to global climate change.” Is there a middle or
http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/lanina_new_faq.html
Atmosphere and Ocean - 12
normal temperature? What
does the book say? Experts?
An El Nino cycle lasts about one calendar year and
occurs about every 3 to 7 years, but they are beginning
to happen more often. El Nino cycles predate human
industrial activity. During an event cycle, ocean
temperatures rise a couple degrees causing sea levels to
rise. Heated water means more precipitation. Global
wind patterns are affected - trade winds are weakened
and even reversed. El Nino cycles disrupt the jet
stream in North America causing unusual weather. El
Nino cycles are responsible for monsoons (heavy rain
seasons) in the far East and droughts in Africa.
LA Nina: Spanish – the girl
What is the monsoon season in SE Asia?
Hurricanes
are fueled
by warm water;
moving the
heat from ocean
ocean?
La Nina
is the
normal
condition
where
thetoSouth
Pacific ocean is cool. The change from El Nino to La
Nina is
called the
southern
oscillation
or ENSO.
“It is believed that El Niño
conditions suppress the
development of tropical
storms and hurricanes in the
Atlantic; and that La Niña
(cold conditions in the
equatorial Pacific) favor
hurricane formation.”
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/
elnino/faq.html#hurricanes
Atmosph
ere and Ocean 13
The Gulf Stream is a strong, fast moving, warm
ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and
flows into the Atlantic Ocean. It generally contains
very warm, deep, and narrow currents that carry water
from the tropics to the
poles. The Gulf Stream
was first discovered in
1513 by the Spanish
explorer Juan Ponce de
Leon and was then used
extensively by Spanish
ships as they travelled from
the Caribbean to Spain. In
1786, Benjamin Franklin
mapped the current, further
increasing its usage.
The Gulf Stream, like all
other ocean currents is
jogging = 5 mph sprinting = 8 mph
mainly caused by wind as it creates friction when moving
over the water. This friction then forces the water to
move in the same direction. The Gulf Stream is
typically 62 mi wide and 2,600 ft to 3,900 ft deep. The
gyre: ocean area surrounded by ocean currents
Gulf Stream: one of the fastest
ocean currents in the world
maximum speed is about 5.6 mph.
Atmosphere and Ocean - 14
Because ocean currents circulate water of
different temperatures all over the globe, they often
have a significant impact on the world’s climate and
weather patterns. The Gulf Stream gathers all of its
water from the warm tropical waters of the Caribbean
and the Gulf of Mexico causing the areas around it to be
warm. Florida and much of the Southeastern United
States is mild all year round because of the Gulf
Stream.
Southern States – hot and humid
London fog?
The greatest
impact the Gulf
Stream has on climate
is found in Europe.
Since it flows into the
North Atlantic
Current, it helps keep
places like Great
Britain much warmer
than it would otherwise be. This place is also known for
its foggy, overcast conditions due to the Gulf Stream.
The Gulf Stream and its warm winds are also responsible
for keeping northern Norway’s coast free of ice and
snow.
Atmosphere and Ocean - 15
The Gulf Stream’s warm sea surface temperatures also
aid in the formation and strengthening of many of the
hurricanes that move through the Gulf of Mexico.
Additionally, the Gulf Stream is important to the
distribution of wildlife in the Atlantic. The waters off
Perfect storm of 1990?
Hurricane Sandy
of Nantucket,
Massachusetts are
incredibly biodiverse
because the
presence of
the Gulf Stream
makes it the
northern limit for
southern species
varieties and the
southern limit for
eddies / whirlpools happen here where cold and
northern species.
warm water mix
The stratosphere is about 20 miles thick. It starts
at about 10 miles or 60,000 feet above the ground and
goes to about 30 miles or 160,000 ft. above the ground.
Temperatures start to increase through this layer.
They start at about -76°F and increase to about 40°F in
the stratopause (top part). The stratosphere has very
Why air
is themade
sky blue mostly of oxygen.
thin
if gas is invisible?
Rayleigh scattering
Atmosphere and Ocean - 16
From the middle to the top of the
stratosphere is the ozone layer. The
reason the sky looks blue is because of the
ozone layer. Ozone is a poisonous bluish
gas with a strong odor. It is a molecule
made of three oxygen atoms (O3). The
ozone layer acts like a shield that absorbs
the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) energy which is
destructive to life and causes cancer.
UV hits O3 breaking it into O2 and O
UV hits the O2 and O and combines them again into O3
When ozone is produced on the ground from cars and
factories, it is harmful and forms smog. Pollutant such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) from factories, refrigerators, and
air conditioners rise
through the atmosphere.
The chlorine in the CFC
molecule attacks the ozone
molecule destroying it.
When the molecules in the
ozone layer are broken
apart (from above by the
sun and below by pollution),
the layer is thinned allowing
more harmful UV rays to
reach the earth.
Atmosphere and Ocean - 17
Thin areas in the ozone layer are sometimes called
holes. The ozone layer is thinnest over the equator,
the poles, and major metropolitan areas (cities). If
left alone the ozone layer will spread out and fill in the
thin spots.
It’s up to us to be educated and protect our wonderful planet!