What to study – CHEMISTRY EXAM
Matter: made up of atoms
Properties:
Physical properties and changes: does not change the identity of the matter
o Ex: phase, phase changes, solubility, heat and electrical conductivity, texture, shape
Chemical properties and changes: new substance is produced
o Ex: flammability, ability to support burning, rusting, tarnishing of silver, ability of metal to react with an acid
Structure of an atom (nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons)
Electron:
- Outside the nucleus
- Negative charge
Protons:
- Inside the nucleus
- Positive charge
-
Neutron:
- Inside the nucleus
- No charge
Elements, compounds, molecules
o Element: simple substance made up of only one type of atom
 Cannot be broken down
o Compound: 2 or more DIFFERENT elements CHEMICALLY COMBINED
 Can be broken down
o Molecule: formed when 2 or more atoms are chemically combined
Mixtures: When 2 or more substances are PHYSICALLY COMINED (not chemically combined)
Solutions: mixture that contains small, dissolved particles
o Solute: substance being dissolved
o Solvent: substance that is dissolving the solute (Ex: water)
Soluble vs. insoluble substances
o Soluble: able to dissolve in another substance
o Insoluble: cannot dissolve in another substance (Ex: oil)
Solubility: how well a solute dissolves in a solvent
- Factors that affect solubility
o Temperature: as the temperature of the solvent increase, the solubility of the solute increases
o Particle size: as particle size decreases, the solubility of the solute increases
o Stirring: increases the solubility of the solute
Solubility graph - YOU MUST BE ABLE TO READ SOLUBILTIY GRAPHS (DETERMINE THE SOLUBILOTY OF THE SUBSTANCE
AT A CERTAIN TEMPERATURE
o Use your solubility graph worksheet to practice!!!
Periodic Table
Atomic number: # of protons (also the # of electrons when the atom is neutral)
o Increases as you move from left to right on the PT
Atomic mass: decimal number
Mass number: the atomic mass rounded to the nearest whole number
Number of neutrons: Mass number – Atomic number
Family/Group: columns
o Elements in the same family have SIMILAR BUT NOT IDENTICAL PROPERTIES
Period: rows
o As move from left to right, elements DO NOT HAVE SIMILAR PROPERTIES
Metals: to the left of the zig zag line
Nonmetals: to the right of the zig zag line
Metalloids: on either side of the zig zag line (Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium, Polonium, Astatine)
Noble Gases: last group (Group 18) , also called INERT gases
States of matter
Solid:
o Atoms tightly packed, vibrate, definite shape and volume
Liquid
o Atoms loosely packed, more energy, definite volume, no definite shape, takes the shape of a
container, atoms are cohesive
-
Gas
o Very high energy, no definite shape or volume, take the shape of a CLOSED container
Plasma
o Extremely high energy, rare on earth
o Ex: sun and stars, lightning bolts, neon and fluorescent bulbs
Phases Changes
Name
Freezing
Vaporization
Melting
Condensation
Sublimation
Deposition
Phase Change
Liquid  solid
Liquid  gas
Solid  liquid
Gas  liquid
Solid  gas
Gas  solid
Absorption or Release of Heat Energy
Energy released
Energy absorbed
Energy absorbed
Energy released
Energy absorbed
Energy released