MIDTERM REVIEW PACKET
Name ______________________
Date __________
Prologue
Measurement
1. A triple beam balance is used to measure _mass_______.
2. Mass is the amount of _matter_____ in an object.
3. A graduated cylinder is used to measure _volume_______.
4. Volume is the amount of _space_______ an object takes up.
5. The _weight___ of an object is how much _gravity________ pulls on that object.
6. Explain how to use a graduated cylinder to find the volume of an irregular solid by
using the water displacement method.
Fill graduated cylinder with 50 ml of water. Slide the irregular solid into the
graduated cylinder without spilling any water. Measure the new water level on
the graduated cylinder, with the irregular solid. Subtract 50 from the new
measurements and you will have the volume of the irregular solid.
7. Explain how to use a ruler to measure the volume of a rectangular solid using the
formula: Volume = length * width * height. Memorize this formula!
Measure the length, then the width, and then the height. Then
multiply the length times the width times the height.
8. Give examples of scientific models that can be found in a classroom.
Plant & animal cells, globe, human body, etc.
Density
9. Define density - _how tightly matter is packed in an object____________
10. Write the density formula - _D= Mass / Volume_____________________
*Be able to use the density formula to solve problems when the mass and
volume are given to you.* (*Round answers to nearest tenth!)
Example: A student determines the mass of a mineral to be 5.9g and its volume
to be 2.1cm³. What is the mineral’s density? D=2.8 g/cm³.
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MIDTERM REVIEW PACKET
11. The density of water is 1 g/ml. Objects denser than water will _sink_____ in a
container of water. Objects less dense than water will _float__ in a container of
water.
12. The container below is full of water. There are 4 objects in the container. Use
the drawing to answer the questions below.
Which object is denser than water? _D________
Which object is most likely an ice cube? _B__________
Which object is the least dense? _A__________
Which object is as dense as the water? _C__________
Which object might have a density of 7 g/mL? _D__________
Which object might have a density less than 1 g/mL? _A and B______
13. When a material is heated what happens to its density? _decreases________
14. When a material is cooled, what happens to its density? _increases_________
15. When more pressure is put on an object, what happens to its density? increases
16. When an object is cut in half, what happens to its density? _stays the same___
*As long as the pressure and temperature on an object remain the same, the
object will still have the same density.
*If you are given 6 different sized pieces of Aluminum, they will all have the same
density because density depends on what the material is made of.
17. Most materials are densest in their _solid______ phase.
18. Water is unusual, because it is densest in its _liquid______ phase, at 4ºC.
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MIDTERM REVIEW PACKET
Observations and Inferences
Define: Observation – interaction with the environment using 1 or more senses
Inference – is an educated guess based on observations
Required Skills:
1. Be able to determine if a statement is an observation or an inference.
Example: Indicate if the following statements are inferences or observations.
1) The car probably has a good engine. _______I________
2) The dog smelled like pickled cabbage. ______O_________
Graph Reading Skills (*Complete practice worksheets)
Required Skills:
1. Be able to construct a line graph from a data table; including writing graph titles.
2. Be able to interpret information from a graph.
3. Be able to determine dependent and independent variables on a graph.
Earth’s Spheres
Define: Hydrosphere - _the Earth’s liquid layer of water (includes oceans,
surface water, and groundwater_
Lithosphere - _the Earth’s solid rock layer_______________________
Atmosphere - _the layer of gasses that surrounds the Earth______
Scientific Method
Define:
Manipulated (independent) variable - _variable that you purposely changed____
Responding (dependent) variable - _variable that responds to the change that
you made__
Control Group - _used for comparison; the group that was not changed_______
Experimental Group - __ the group that was changed ______________________
Constants - __factors that are kept the same in an experiment_______________
Hypothesis - _educated guess; "If, …. then…" format______________________
Key Ideas:
1. What are the steps of the scientific method? State a problem, State a
Hypothesis, Design and conduct an Experiment, Analyze Data, and Draw
conclusions.
2. What is the correct format for writing a hypothesis? Give an example.
"If, …. then…" format – "If the plant has water, then it will grow."
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MIDTERM REVIEW PACKET
Topographic Maps
Required Skills: (*Complete practice worksheets)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Be able to read isolines.
Be able to read topographic maps.
Be able to calculate highest/lowest possible elevations between contour lines.
Be able to determine elevation of a single point on a map.
Be able to determine stream flow direction.
Be able to determine contour interval on a map.
Be able to determine distance across a map.
Key Ideas:
1. How is steepness shown on a map?
Contour lines are close together.
2. Define contour interval.
Increments between 2 contour lines.
3. How can you tell which direction a stream is flowing? Give 2 methods.
1) In the same direction as decreasing elevation.
2) Opposite direction of the "V's" formed by the contour lines.
Practice:
The contour map below shows a hill. Two elevations are labeled. Place an X on the
map where an elevation of 430 feet could be located.
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MIDTERM REVIEW PACKET
Chemistry
A. Chemical Change – a change in matter that creates _new_______ substances with
different chemical and physical properties.
1. What are some examples of chemical changes? _burning________, cooking,
___rusting________, food spoiling/souring, ___bubbling__________/fizzing.
2. All reactions require what type of energy to get started?
Activation energy!
B. Physical Change – a change in the __appearance______________ of a substance.
Ex: freezing, melting, condensation, boiling, evaporation, tearing, and crushing
1. How is a physical change different from a chemical change? Physical changes
__do____ __not____ change the composition, chemical changes make a
___new________ substance.
2. Are phase changes physical changes? __YES______, phase changes only
change appearance and are reversible.
C. Phases (States) of matter
Gas – no definite shape, no definite volume, takes the shape and volume of a
closed container, particles move very quickly because of hotter
temperatures and are spread far apart.
Liquid – definite volume, no definite shape, takes shape of container, particles
move slower and are closer to each other.
Solid – has definite shape and volume, particles only vibrate (not really moving)
due to lower temperatures and are very close together.
D. Phase changes
**During a phase change, heat energy is absorbed or released.
1. Define:
evaporation (vaporization) – liquid to _gas______ Ex. water left out in the Sun
melting – solid to _liquid____
freezing – liquid to __solid________ **Don't forget: Ice expands, increases its
volume, and becomes less dense than water – that's why it floats in water!
condensation – gas to __liquid_______
boiling – liquid to ___gas________**Be able to identify each.
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MIDTERM REVIEW PACKET
2. In order to change a solid to a liquid or liquid to gas, heat energy must be
__absorbed_______.
3. In order to change a gas to a liquid or liquid to solid, heat energy must be
__released_______.
4. How does heat effect the rate of motion of the molecules in a solid, liquid and
gas? More heat makes molecules move ___faster___________.
E. The Water Cycle – recycles ___water_____!
Acid Rain – caused by burning of _fossil______ fuels, which release pollutants
into the atmosphere. Can be carried to other _locations______.
F. The Law of Conservation of Mass states that during an ordinary chemical reaction,
matter __cannot_____ be created or destroyed. In chemical reactions, the _total__
mass of the reactants equals the _total____ mass of the products. Energy cannot be
created or destroyed either, only changed from one _form______ into another.
Ex. 2H + O
H2O
G. Solubility
1. How can you increase the rate of a reaction?
- Stir it, shake it, or crush it (increase surface area)
- Increase temperature
- Add a catalyst
2. As water temperature increases, solution rate _increases________.
3. As water temperature increases, amount of substance that can be dissolved
(solubility) __increases________.
4. How can you determine solubility? **Study Solubility Curves worksheets!
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MIDTERM REVIEW PACKET
Practice:
Base your answers to questions 1 through 2 on the graph below and on your knowledge
of science. The graph shows the solubility curves for a solid solute and a gaseous
solute.
1 How many grams of the solid solute will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 25°C?
___36-37____ g
2 Describe the relationship between water temperature and the solubility of the gaseous
solute from 0°C to 15°C. As temperature increase, solubility decreases.
H. Compounds – two or more __elements_______ chemically combined (bonded)
1. How is an element different from a compound?
Element cannot be broken down!
I. Atoms – All _matter_______ is made up of atoms. Atoms are far too small to see
with a light microscope.
1. What particles make up an atom? And what are their charges?
Neutrons – no charge
Electrons – negative charge
Protons – position charge
2. Which particles make up the nucleus?
Neutrons and protons
3. When is an atom neutral?
When the amount of protons and electrons are equal in an atom.
4. What does an atom become when it loses an electron? Gains an electron?
Loses electron – positive ion
Grains an electron – negative ion
5. What determines the physical properties of all matter?
Internal arrangement of atoms
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MIDTERM REVIEW PACKET
J. Elements – The simplest, purest form of a substance that _cannot_________ be
broken down.
1. How many atoms are in H2O? How many H? And how many O?
3 atoms
H–2
O–1
2. How many elements make up C6H12O6?
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K. The Periodic Table –The periodic table is one useful _method_______ for
classifying elements. The periodic table can be used to predict _properties_______ of
elements (metals, nonmetals, noble gases).
1. Which substances will not be listed on the Periodic Table? _Compounds___ !
L. Mixtures - can be separated by physical means. For example, iron can be removed
from a mixture by means of a magnet. **Be able to explain how to separate the parts of
a mixture.
Ex: salt, sugar, ice tea mix - can be dissolved
Ex: dry cereal, oil, iron filings, sand, sediments (little rocks pieces) can NOT be
dissolved
1. How could a mixture of water, sand, salt, and iron be separated? Use a
magnet to get the iron out. (Dissolve the salt into the water.) Use a strainer/filter/sieve
to get the sand out. Boil/evaporate the saltwater and the salt will be left behind.
2. How could a mixture of gasoline and water be separated? The gasoline (oil)
will float to the top (less dense than water), so just collect the oil by skimming or
filtration.
M. Fire Triangle
1. What are the parts of a fire triangle?
Fuel, Heat, and Oxygen
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