TEST DATE: __________
NAME:
Regents Biology
Homework Packet
Unit 13 & 14: Respiration, Gas Exchange, and Excretion

Use your Biology by Miller & Levine textbook to complete and help with the following homework
assignments.

(1) Read the assigned pages, (2) Define the vocabulary, and (3) Answer the questions.

Neatness counts. Number the definitions. Write the page and number of the questions. Do your work in
ink or even type the homework. Staple the definitions and questions to the HW packet.

The homework assignment is due the day before the test. We will use the HW packet as a test review.
The completed and corrected HW packet will be collected on the day of the test. Late homework
assignments receive no credit (0). If the assignment is not turned in by the last day of the quarter the
zero grade (0) will change to -5.
Chapter 33: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
Chapter 30: Digestive and Excretory Systems
Read pgs. 963 – 971
Read pgs. 882 – 889
Vocabulary
p. 963 Vocab (6)
Vocabulary
p. 882 Vocab (10)
p. 969 #1a, 2b, 4a
p. 887 #1a, 2a, 3a, 3b
Regents Review
pgs. 972 – 975
#4 – 7, 21 - 25
Regents Review
pgs. 890 – 893
#2, 4, 7, 9, 21, 22
Smoking and Disease
Cigarette smoking continues to be one of America's major health-risk factors. It accounts for about 100
deaths per day. When cigarette smoke is inhaled into the lungs over a period of time, it causes a decrease in
the area of the respiratory surface available for the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen. This condition
makes it more likely that a person will develop the respiratory disease known as emphysema.
Emphysema is only one of a number of diseases that occurs more often among smokers. Heart disease,
stroke, and certain kinds of cancer are others. In this activity, you will explore the relationship between
smoking and the likelihood of getting certain kinds of cancer and heart disease.
Study the graphs below.
Note that the horizontal axis of each graph is labeled "Relative Risk after 10 Years or Less of
Smoking." "Relative Risk" refers to the likelihood of getting cancer. As an example of what the numbers on
the horizontal axis mean, look at the graph that shows the relative risk of getting lung cancer. For people
smoking 11 to 20 cigarettes per day, the graph shows that the relative risk is about 24. For those smoking 1
to 10 cigarettes per day, the relative risk is about 12. Since 24 is twice 12, twice the percentage of people who
smoke 11 to 20 cigarettes per day get lung cancer compared to smokers who smoke only 1 to 10 cigarettes per
day. Put another way, your risk of getting lung cancer is twice as great if you smoke 11 to 20 cigarettes per
day compared to your risk if you smoke 1 to 10 cigarettes per day.
1. What form of cancer has the highest relative risk for smokers?
2. What form of cancer has the lowest relative risk for smokers?
3. A person who smokes l to 10 cigarettes per day is about how many times more likely to get lung cancer
than a nonsmoker?
4. The greatest risk of cancer of the larynx comes to the person who regularly smokes how many cigarettes
per day?
5. What might be the reason that the risks of cancer of the oral cavity, of the larynx, and of the bladder all
drop slightly for people smoking 41 or more cigarettes per day compared to those smoking 31 to 40 cigarettes
per day?
Heart disease is another disease you are more likely to get if you smoke. While smoking is not the only
risk factor for getting heart disease, it is one of the most dangerous. Other factors include your age, your
heredity, your weight, the amount of exercise you get, the amount of cholesterol and fat in your diet, your
blood pressure, and whether you are male or female.
Study the chart on the next page. This chart will enable you to arrive at a score that will tell you how
high your risk is of getting heart disease. To use the chart, look at the first row, the row for "Age." Find the
box that applies to you. For example, if you are16 years of age, the first box contains the range of ages (10 to
20) that includes your age. Encircle the number in parentheses in this box (the number "1"). Continue by
encircling the number in parentheses for the appropriate box in each of the remaining seven rows of the chart.
The notes given below will help you decide which box is the right box for you.
Heredity: Count parents, brothers, sisters, and grandparents who have had a
heart attack or stroke.
Tobacco Smoking: lf you usually inhale deeply and smoke a cigarette close to the
end, add 1 to the number in the box.
Cholesterol or Fat Level: A blood test is the best way to determine your level. If
you have not had a blood test done, estimate your level from the foods you
usually eat. Foods high in cholesterol and fat are usually of animal origin. They
include beef, lamb, pork, whole milk, butter, lard, cream, and ice cream. If you eat
large amounts of a number of these foods, your cholesterol level is likely to be
high. The diet of the average American contains about 40 % fat.
DETERMINING YOUR SCORE:
To arrive at a score, add up all the numbers you have encircled in the chart. If your score is high you should
take steps to cut down your risk, and see your doctor.
6. What is your score?
7. How would you describe your risk of getting heart disease?
Relating Form and Function
In most organisms, the form of a structure is related to its function. A good example is the relationship between
the form, or shape, of a bird's bill and the bird's feeding habits. Finches and other seed-eating birds have short, thick bills
that can crush hard seeds. Starlings have thin, pointed bills that can probe into the ground for insects. Hawks have
sharply hooked bills that can tear apart animal flesh. Herons have long bills that can be used for sudden thrusts at fish,
frogs, and snakes. The Brown Pelican has a pouch on the lower portion of its bill. The pouch is widened under water to
enclose a fish, and the fish is trapped when the bill is closed.
Respiratory structures in organisms also have forms that relate to their functions. Unicellular organisms such as
the ameba and paramecium absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide directly through the body surface-the cell
membrane. The structure of these organisms gives them a large surface area relative to their volume, allowing them to
exchange respiratory gases in this simple manner.
In general, a key to the successful exchange of respiratory gases is a high ratio of respiratory surface to body
volume. The respiratory organs of multicellular organisms have structures with a high surface-to-volume ratio.
The hydra has a double layer of cells, and every cell is in contact with the water from which it obtains oxygen.
The earthworm has a thin, moist skin, which serves as a respiratory surface. Oxygen diffuses into the body, and
carbon dioxide diffuses out, through the skin. The inner cells of the earthworm are too far from the skin to exchange
gases directly across it. Instead, the gases are transported to and from the skin by the circulatory system. At the skin,
gases diffuse into or out of the many capillaries just below the surface.
The grasshopper has evolved a different kind of respiratory system. It consists of a network of tracheal tubes,
much like a ventilation system. The fluid-filled ends of the smallest tracheal tubes, which are in direct contact with body
cells, constitute the respiratory surface. Gases enter and leave the tracheal tubes through body openings called
spiracles.
In the human body the respiratory surface consists of the walls of the alveoli in the lungs. Each of the cupshaped alveoli has a wall that is only one cell thick. The exchange of gases with the environment occurs across these
walls. Oxygen diffuses into the blood capillaries that surround the alveoli, and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The lungs
contain about 300 million alveoli, with a total surface area about 40 times that of the skin.
As you study body systems, remember that form and function are usually related and look for examples of this
relationship. Examples can be found in both one-celled and many-celled organisms, and they exist at all levels of
organization, from cells to organ systems. When you relate form to function, you enhance your understanding of
biology.
1. What is the respiratory surface in each of the following organisms?
a. Ameba:
b. Earthworm:
c. Human:
2. Describe two adaptations used by multicellular organisms to permit sufficient gas exchange
3. What principle relating structure and function is followed by every organism with a successful respiratory mechanism
or system?
4. How is respiration in the human body similar to that in the ameba?
Specialized
Structures
Internal or
External
Surface
Process by
which gases
are
exchanged
Gas Out
Gas in
Organism
Adaptations of Gas Exchange
HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. In what structure does gas exchange take place? ________________________________________________
2. What is the function of the epiglottis? ________________________________________________________
3. How is the trachea different than the esophagus? ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the path of oxygen through the respiratory system? ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the path of CO2 out of the respiratory system? ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the diaphragm? What is its function? ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Where are cilia located? What is their function? _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Adaptations for Excretion
1. What are the 5 major metabolic wastes and during what process are they formed?
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
2. When are nitrogenous wastes made?
3. What are the 3 major nitrogenous wastes made by organisms?
1)
2)
3)
Locate the contractile vacuole
Human Urinary System
1. What are the functions of the kidneys?
2. Describe the function and structure of a nephron.
3. What materials are filtered out into the Bowman’s Capsule?
4. What materials are returned to the blood? By what process are the materials returned to the blood?
5. Which materials does the collecting duct deliver to the ureter?
6. What materials in the blood do not enter the collecting duct of the nephron?
7. What are the roles of the ureter, bladder, and urethra?
8. What are the three main organs or organs systems used to release wastes in humans?
Know the Terms
Match the terms to the correct definition
a. Adrenal gland
e. Dermis
i. Exhalation
m. Larynx
q. Respiratory surface
u. Urethra
b. Alveoli
f. Diaphragm
j. Gill
n. Lung
r. Sebaceous Gland
v. Ureter
c. Bowman’s Capsule
g. Epidermis
k. Glomerulus
o. Nephron
s. Spiracle
w. Urinary bladder
___ 1. Actual gas exchange location in lungs
d. Bronchi
h. Excretion
l. Kidney
p. Pleura
t. Trachea
x. Urinary System
___ 13. Gland in the skin that produces oily
secretions to keep the skin pliable
___ 2. Tube from larynx to bronchi
___ 3. Gas exchange organ in terrestrial animals
___ 14. Layer of skin that contains glands, nerves,
blood vessels, etc.
___ 4. Air passageways between trachea and lungs
___ 15. Outer layer of skin
___ 5. Gas exchange organ in fish
___ 16. Individual filtering unit of the kidney
___ 6. Opening in a tracheal respiratory system of a
grasshopper
___ 17. Muscle that aids in breathing
___ 18. Area of gas exchange in all organisms
___ 7. Voice box
___ 8. Membrane surrounding lung
___ 19. Breathing out
___ 9. Removal of nitrogenous wastes
___ 20. Tube that carries urine out of the body
___ 10. System composed of the kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and urethra
___ 21. Tube that connects the kidney to the bladder
___ 22. Filtering organ of the urinary system
___ 11. Capillary bed in Bowman's capsule that
removes material from the blood
___ 12. Structure in the nephron of the kidney where
material is filtered out of the blood
___ 23. Organ that stores urine
___ 24. Gland located on top of the kidney
Understand the Concepts
Answer the following questions
1. Distinguish between gas exchange and cellular respiration.
2. How is surface area important to gas exchange?
3. Why must larger animals have an efficient respiratory system?
4. What is the relationship between the respiratory system and the circulatory system in humans?
5. Why don't earthworms need lungs or gills?
6. How do humans regulate their breathing rate?
7. There is more oxygen in air than in water. Why do fish die when taken out of water?
8. How do you "process" the air you breathe before it gets to your lungs?
9. Why does air enter the lungs upon inhalation?
10. Explain where nitrogenous wastes come from in humans.
11. Describe filtration and the importance of reabsorption.
12. Why are the lungs and skin considered excretory organs?
13. Why is it an advantage to have the kidneys directly connected to the aorta and inferior vena cava?
14. What would happen if the kidneys stopped filtering the blood?
Choose the best answer and write it on the blank.
Use the choices for questions 1 – 5.
a. asthma
b. bronchitis
c. emphysema
d. pneumonia
___ 1. condition in which the air sacs break down and the
lungs lose their elasticity
___ 2. condition in which the bronchial tubes become
inflamed
___ 3. condition in which the alveoli become swollen and
clogged with mucus
___ 4. condition marked by severe coughing and difficulty
in breathing
___ 5. severe allergic reaction in which contraction of the
bronchioles makes breathing difficult
Use the diagram to answer questions 6 – 10.
___ 10. Which of the following structures is lined with a
ciliated mucous membrane?
a.1
b.2
c. 8
d. 10
___ 11. A major difference in the respiration of the
grasshopper and that of the earthworm is that the
grasshopper does not
a. respire aerobically, whereas the earthworm does
b. use blood to transport gases, whereas the earthworm
does
c. possess tracheal tubes, whereas the earthworm does
d. release carbon dioxide, whereas the earthworm does
___ 12. The respiratory surface in the paramecium is the
a. cell wall
b. cell membrane
c. trachea
d. skin
___ 13. All of the following occur during inhalation
EXCEPT
a. ribs are pulled up and out
b. diaphragm is pulled upward
c. pressure within chest cavity is reduced
d. air enters the alveoli
___ 14. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of all
respiratory surfaces?
a. thin-walled
b. dry
c. in contact with an environmental source of oxygen
d. in contact with the system that transports dissolved
minerals to and from the cells of the organism
___ 15. Cigarette smoke most directly affects the
a. hemoglobin concentration
b. contraction of the diaphragm
c. carbon dioxide concentration
d. cilia of the respiratory tract
___ 6. Which of the following is the diaphragm?
a.11
b. 3
c.7
d.2
___ 7. Which of the following are the alveoli?
a.1
b.4
c.6
d.9
___ 8. At which of the following structures does the
exchange of gases occur?
a.1
b. 3
c.8
d.9
___ 9. Which of the following structures prevents the
passage of food from the pharynx into the lungs?
a.6
b.7
c.8
d.9
___ 16. Hemoglobin transports
a. all of the oxygen and carbon dioxide
b. most of the oxygen and some of the carbon dioxide
c. most of the oxygen and none of the carbon dioxide
d. most of the oxygen and most of the carbon dioxide
___ 17. The function of the cartilage around the trachea is
to
a. prevent the collapse of the organ
b. warm the air
c. filter out wastes
d. allow voice production
___ 18. The exchange of gases between the blood and
body cells is called
a. breathing
b. external respiration
c. internal respiration
d. circulation
___ 19. All of the following statements about human lungs
are correct EXCEPT
a. lungs are muscular
b. they are surrounded by pleura
c. lungs are elastic
d. they are anterior to the diaphragm
Use the diagram to answer questions 29 – 35.
___ 20. For the most part, breathing is controlled by the
a. brain
b. lungs
c. diaphragm d. heart
___ 21. All of the following occur during exhalation
EXCEPT
a. rib cage muscles relax
b. diaphragm moves upward
c. air within chest cavity is reduced
d. air enters the alveoli
___ 22. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is
transported
a. by hemoglobin
b. in the form of bicarbonate ions
c. by the red blood cells
d. in the form of carbohemoglobin
___ 23. Humans and earthworms are similar in that both
a. have hemoglobin to transport gases
b. have the same respiratory surface
c. need their respiratory surfaces to be exposed to air
d. lack respiratory pigments
___ 24. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of
nasal breathing over mouth breathing?
a. filtering air
b. moistening air
c. warming air d. all are advantages
___ 25. Tobacco smoke
a. accelerates cilia action in the trachea
b. decreases mucus concentration in air passages
c. decreases oxygen levels in the blood
d. does not contain carbon monoxide
___ 26. All of the following are functions of the skin
EXCEPT
a. excretion
b. protection
c. glycogen storage
d. temperature regulation
___ 27. Which of the following are the excretory organs of
grasshoppers and other insects?
a. Malpighian tubules
b. collecting ducts
c. ureters
d. nephridia
___ 28. All of the following are produced by sweat glands
EXCEPT
a. oil
b. NaCl
c. urea
d. water
___ 29. Through which of the following structures does
urine leave the nephron?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 6
___ 30. Active transport of materials occurs from
a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 7
___ 31. Which of the following structures contains blood
with the lowest concentration of nitrogenous wastes?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 6
d. 7
___ 32. The filtration of blood occurs through which of the
following?
a. 2 and 4
b. 3 and 4
c. 5 and 6
d. 5 and 7
___ 33. Reabsorption of useful substances into the blood
occurs in
a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 2
___ 34. What is the CORRECT order of blood flow?
a. 1, 5, 7, 6
b. 2, 4, 5, 1
c. 6, 5, 4, 2
d. 6, 7, 5, 2
___ 35. Which of the following are lined with microvilli that
greatly increase the surface area through which
reabsorption can occur?
a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 7
___ 36. Small organisms, such as protozoa and hydra,
rely on which of the following for excretion?
a. osmosis
b. diffusion
c. nephridia
d. contractile vacuoles
___ 37. In the kidney, through which sequence of
structures do wastes pass?
l. Bowman's capsule
ll. collecting duct
III. loop of Henle
a. l, ll, lll
c. l, lll, Il
b. lll, l, ll
d. lll, ll, I
___ 38. Water is "pumped out" of contractile vacuoles by
a. active transport
b. osmosis
c. diffusion
d. defecation
___ 39. Cirrhosis is a disease of the
a. kidney
b. skin
c. Iiver
d. urinary bladder
___ 40. Which of the following statements about the
kidneys is INCORRECT?
a. They are located on the dorsal side of the body.
b. Their inner region is the cortex.
c. Their most important task is the filtering of wastes.
d. They are shaped liked beans.
___ 41. Which of the following statements about the
human kidney is/are TRUE?
l. Nephridia are the functional units.
ll. Homeostasis is maintained, in part, by the kidneys.
lll. Kidneys remove wastes of cellular metabolism from the
blood.
a. I
c. I and lll
b. lll
d. ll and lll
___ 42. Metabolic wastes include all the following
EXCEPT
a. feces
b. carbon dioxide
c. water
d. mineral salts
___ 43. The chief nitrogenous waste of all microorganisms
is
a. urine
b. uric acid
c. urea
d. ammonia
___ 44. Which is NOT a function of the liver?
a. detoxification of the blood
b. storage of amino acids
c. formation of urea acids
d. excretion of bile
___ 45. Which statement about the nephron is TRUE?
a. It is located entirely in the medulla of the kidney.
b. It carries nitrogenous wastes to the renal vein.
c. It has a glomerulus at both ends.
d. It is the site of both filtration and reabsorption.
___ 46. What percent of the filtrate's water is reabsorbed
as the filtrate passes through the renal tubules?
a. 100%
b. 99%
c. 50%
d. less than 25%
___ 47. Dialysis
a. is usually used if a person loses one kidney
b. is a procedure done once a month
c. returns filtered blood to the body
d. is used for a person suffering from kidney stones