PTHY 6401 Kinesiology I
Exam I Learning Objectives/Study Guide, Spring 2015
Info: Exam will be 50-60 questions, all bubble sheet (scantron). Bring pencils and a calculator (no
phones allowed). Keep phones in your backpack and ringer turned off. You may bring something to
drink. All hats or caps are turned backwards or taken off during the exam. You will keep your backpack
and belongings along the side of the room. NO questions regarding the exam are allowed during the
exam. You can definitely write on your exam and you will in the exam and bubble sheet with your name
on both when you are finished.
Focused reading should be specific portions of Neumann chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 as specifically listed in the
lecture notes; this includes comprehending the figures, illustrations, and tables.
Topic – Lab Information
1. Explain the systematic procedures for performing a goniometric AROM measurement
2. Describe the MMT 0-5 grading scale (numbers, word equivalents, definitions).
3. Explain the systematic procedures for performing a MMT.
4. Describe the difference between Composite vs. Direct Measurement of muscle length/flexibility.
Topic – Kinematics, Joint Structure & Function, Muscle Structure & Function
5. Explain the meanings of the abbreviations and symbols from the Kinesiology I Abbreviation List
(attached to the first set of notes).
6. Define/describe, identify, and use kinematic terminology related to anatomical position (including
directional terms), body planes & joint axes, and osteokinematic movements.
7. Explain the general function of synovial (diarthrodial) joints, the categories/types of synovial joints,
and how they differ related to degrees of freedom.
8. Describe general examples of uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial joints. Example: pivot & hinge joints are
uniaxial; condyloid are biaxial. Specific examples (ie. the 1st CMC joint is a saddle joint) will not yet
be tested.
9. Describe the meaning of arthrokinematics and the types of motions that occur between articulating
surfaces (roll, slide, spin).
10. Explain the “rule of convex moving surfaces” and the “rule of concave moving surfaces” related to
joint arthrokinematics. If I tell you that the surface of the moving bone is convex, then what do you
know about the direction of the roll and slide of the moving bone's articulating surface?
11. Define/describe and identify/recognize clear-cut Open Kinematic Chain vs. Closed Kinematic Chain
movements.
12. Compare & contrast the meaning of Close-packed, Loose-packed, and Resting Position for synovial
joints.
13. Explain the common characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue.
14. Define prime mover, agonist, antagonist and synergist.
15. Compare and contrast muscle fiber type classification (type I, IIA, IIB) in terms of speed of
contraction, capacity for force production, and capacity for endurance.
16. Define/describe and identify/recognize the 3 types of skeletal muscle contraction.
17. Define/describe the 3 modes of muscle exercise described in lecture.
18. Explain the effects of age, sex, speed of contraction, type of contraction, and muscle (sarcomere)
length on muscle force production. Thoroughly understand length-tension relationship
19. Define/describe active insufficiency and relate it the length-tension curve.
20. Passive sufficiency concepts will not be tested on this exam.
21. Compare the active length-tension curve (Figure 3-10) and the example torque-angle curves (Figure
3-12). What internal factors (within the body) cause the shape of torque-angle curves for different
muscles to vary? Page 58
22. Special Focus 3-1: the max force of a healthy muscle is ____________ correlated with the
_________________ of the muscle. Synthesize the main ideas.
Topic – Biomechanics / Kinetics
23. Explain the difference between Kinetics and Kinematics
24. Describe basic types of motion: angular, translator, curvilinear
25. Define the English and metric units of measurement for force and torque.
26. Explain the factors affecting stability and balance in humans, particularly when lifting/carrying
objects. Of importance is an understanding of COG, LOG, & BOS and how each affects stability.
27. Define force and identify different sources of forces acting on the body.
28. Know the definition of torque and the formula of calculation.
29. Differentiate between a 1st, 2nd and 3rd class levers; know the relationship of the axis (A),
resistance (R), effort force (EF), effort arm (EA), and resistance arm (RA) in relation to each other
within each lever system.
30. Explain the Law of Levers (equilibrium of torque) formula and Mechanical Advantage formula. Be
able to solve for any of the variables in these formulas when given enough info. BRING A SIMPLE
CALCULATOR.
31. Define/describe a moment arm? (both internal & external); give anatomical examples
32. In addition to muscle forces producing torque at joints, what else do muscle forces create at joints?
(Neumann pgs 16 & 23)
33. Based on paragraphs 3 & 4 of page 23 (Neumann), describe the benefits and disadvantages
(tradeoffs) of 3rd class lever systems in the human body.
34. Read and Study the Special Focus 1-3, 1-4, & 1-5 in the Neumann text as well as Clinical Connection
4-1. Synthesize the main ideas.
Topic – Tissue Properties (Dr. Garrison): up to 20 questions
35. Describe the phenomena of creep and stress relaxation.
36. How can creep be applied to what you know about therapeutic stretching?
37. Discuss the concepts of ductility and brittleness as it relates to aging and bone tissue.
38. Explain the differences in stress-strain and load-deformation curves.
39. Discuss what properties can be discerned from these curves (#4).
40. Explain why biological materials demonstrate anisotropy.
41. Compare and contrast cortical and cancellous bone in terms of structure and biomechanical
properties.
42. Identify the loading mode in which bone tends to fail first.
43. Explain how muscular contraction affects bone loading.
44. Determine if rate of loading affect biomechanical properties. Explain how (i.e. stiffness, energy
storage, etc.)
45. Identify several ways fixation devices affect bone properties and/or structure.
46. Discuss how proteoglycans contribute to the stiffness of articular cartilage.
47. Describe the permeability and porosity of healthy cartilage.
48. Explain some causes of cartilage wearing out.
49. Name some differences in tendon and ligament tissue structure and function.
50. Describe physiologic loading.
51. Explain factors that affect tendons/ligaments - age, pregnancy, immobilization, pathologies.
52. Describe is the timeline for recovery of ligament biomechanical properties? See graph/chart in the
notes.
53. Describe the grades for ligament injury and how are they defined.
54. Differentiate between fibrocartilage and articular (hyaline) cartilage.
Topic – Radiology: NO exam questions. Will be added-to and tested on Exam 4 in mid-April.