SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Grant Campus
BIO130
Anatomy & Physiology I
Fall, 2014
Minimum Objectives I
The student should have a clear understanding of:
1.
The generally accepted criteria which distinguish living matter from nonliving matter, e.g.
metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation and reproduction.
2.
The anatomical position and the directional terminology used to locate various parts of
body, e.g. superior-inferior, medial-lateral, anterior-posterior.
3.
The planes (sections) by which the body and its viscera can be divided.
4.
The major and lesser body cavities and their respective viscera.
5.
The fluid compartments of the body and how they meet the metabolic needs of the cells they
service.
6.
Which elements comprise the ions and molecules found in the human body.
7.
The way in which ionic compounds are formed.
8.
How covalent bonds are covalent formed; the distinction between polar and non-polar
compounds.
9.
The physical and chemical properties of water that make it an ideal dispersion medium.
the
10. The general characteristics of acids and bases; the distinction between organic and
inorganic acids and bases;
the significance of buffers; the pH scale as a numerical index
hydrogen ion concentration.
11. Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids: their general structural features and the
roles they perform in the body.
12. The importance of enzymes and how they catalyze chemical reactions; the effects of
temperature and pH on enzymatic reactions.
13. Potential vs. kinetic energy.
14. Structures typical of human cells and their respective functions:
(a)
cell (plasma) membrane
(g)
ribosmes
(b)
cytoplasm/cytosol
(h)
Golgi bodies
(c)
nucleus
(i)
lysosomes
(d)
nucleolus
(j)
centrioles
(e)
endoplasmic reticulum
( k)
secretory vesicles
(f)
mitochondria
(l)
cytoskeleton
( m)
cilia & flagella
15. The role of the nuclei acids in protein synthesis, including
(a) the genetic code,
(b) transcription in the nucleus, and
(c) translation at the ribosomes.
16. What a gene is both structurally and functionally.
17. The importance of cell specialization and how genetically identical cells differentiate.
18. The importance of surface area-to-volume relationships.
SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Grant Campus
BIO130
Anatomy & Physiology I
Fall, 2014
Minimum Objectives II
The student should be able to:
1.
Define and use the terms diffusion and osmosis to explain how ions and molecules are transported
passively.
2.
Define active transport and give at least two examples of when a cell might rely on it.
3.
Describe the process of glycolysis: (a) as an anaerobic source of metabolic energy, and (b) as a provider
of key intermediate compounds for the Kreb’s cycle and the electron transport (cytochrome) chain..
4.
Describe the Krebs (citric acid) cycle in terms of:
(a) the stepwise removal of hydrogen atoms,
(b) energy transfer at the cytochromes,
(c) the formation of carbon dioxide and water, and
(d) how proteins and fats are utilized as energy sources in addition to glucose.
5.
Define oxidation and reduction.
6.
List at least three cell processes which require an input of energy.
7.
Explain (a) how adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules store potential energy and (b) the means by
which they allow energy-requiring reactions in the cell to occur.
8.
Classify the various types of epithelial tissue with regard to their general structural characteristics
(shape and arrangement).
9.
Relate structural features of epithelia to their location and functions.
10.
Describe the major anatomical differences between endocrine and exocrine glands.
11.
List the various types of connective tissue and the key structural characteristics of each.
12.
Label a diagram showing the various layers of the epidermis and the structural features of the dermis.
13.
State the functions of the skin.
14.
Describe the derivatives of the skin (such as hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands) and their significance.
15.
Describe the following with regard to the skeletal system:
a.
osteoblasts and osteocytes
b.
osteoclasts
c.
lacunae, central canals, and canaliculi
d.
periosteum
e.
the organic and nonorganic components of bone
f.
the role of vitamins D and C and parathyroid and growth hormones in
bone growth and maintenance
g.
the difference between compact and spongy bone as to architecture, distribution and
function
h.
intramembranous bone formation
i.
intracartilaginous (endochondral) bone formation, including
1.
growth of chrondrocytes in the cartilage model
2.
formation of a bone collar
3.
calcification of the cartilage matrix; the fate of calcified cartilage
4.
the deposition of osteoid and subsequent bone formation
5.
centers of ossification in the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphyses of
long bones.
6.
the epiphyseal cartilage disks
7.
marrow cavity formation
8.
circumferential growth
SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Grant Campus
BIO130
Anatomy & Physiology I
Fall, 2014
Minimum Objectives III
The student should be able to:
1.
List specific types of synarthroses and discuss their importance; define amphiarthrosis
2.
Label a drawing of a typical synovial (diarthrodial) joint; list the six types of synovial joints, the degree
of movement permitted, and at least one example of each.
3.
Define the various movements of synovial joints: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction and rotation.
4.
Discuss the physiology of skeletal muscle contraction, including
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
motor units and the all-or-none principle.
the role of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).
excitation (depolarization) of the sarcolemma and T-tubules; the timing of muscle action
potentials (i.e. how long they last and how frequently they occur) and why this is important.
how repolarization occurs.
the role of calcium ions, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and ATP molecules.
actin and myosin filaments and the sliding filament theory of contraction.
the relaxation phase.
5.
Explain muscular fatigue.
6.
Indicate the major sources of energy for muscle contraction.
7.
Identify the variables which influence the strength of a muscle contraction.
8.
Define minimal (threshold) stimulus, maximal stimulus, graded response, muscle tone,
cramp.
9.
Explain the difference between isometric and isotonic contractions.
10.
spasm,
Distinguish among the following skeletal muscle phenomena:
a.
b.
c.
d.
twitch
summation of contraction
incomplete tetanus
complete tetanus
11.
Discuss energy metabolism in skeletal muscle during strenuous and mild exercise and the concept of
recovery oxygen uptake (formerly oxygen debt).
12.
Define prime mover, antagonist, synergist, origin, insertion, and discuss the mechanical
principles governing the movement of bones at their joints.
SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Grant Campus
BIO130
Anatomy & Physiology I
Fall, 2014
Minimum Objectives: IV
The student should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Explain the roles of axon, dendrite, cell body, neurolemma, and myelin sheath in neuron physiology.
Describe the morphology of a synapse; explain the difference between excitatory and inhibitory synapses and
post-synaptic cell is depolarized or hyperpolarized.
how the
Define action potential, refractory period, the all-or-none principle of neuron firing, sodium pump.
Describe the stretch and flexor (withdrawal) reflexes in terms of stimulus and response; diagram and explain the
operation of a spinal reflex arc.
5.
Identify the lobes of the cerebrum and areas designated as sensory and motor cortex.
6.
Define: gray matter, white matter, sulcus, gyrus, associative cortex, ganglion, nucleus, tract.
7.
Describe the consequences of injury to the cortex of the frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes.
8.
Describe the functions of the cerebral nuclei (basal ganglia), thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, and
medulla oblongata.
9.
List the functions and general location of the cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral nerve plexuses. Indicate what
consequences would result from damage to their nerves.
10.
Distinguish between ascending and descending spinal pathways; describe, in general terms, where the impulses they
carry originate and terminate.
11.
Describe the three meninges (membranes) of the brain and cord and their functions.
12.
Comment on the function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
13.
Cite the distributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
and their respective functions.
14.
Indicate what roles acetylcholine and norepinephrine play in ANS physiology.
15.
List three properties common to all receptors and explain how the nervous system codes for the quality
and intensity of a stimulus.
16.
Locate and describe the function of the following eye structures:
a.
cornea
b. iris and pupil
c.
lens
d. ciliary muscles
e.
suspensory ligaments
f.
17.
retina, (rods, cones, and fovea centralis), choroid and sclera
Locate and describe the function of the following ear structures:
a.
external auditory meatus
b.
middle ear: tympanum (eardrum), ear ossicles and auditory (Eustachian) tube
c.
inner ear: spiral organ (of Corti) in cochlea; maculae and semicircular canals.
(Objectives 16 and 17 will be covered in the laboratory unless otherwise noted by the lecturer.)
18.
Relax, now that you've seen the last objective.