Chapter 8- Carbon Chemistry
CUE WORDS or QUESTIONS
Carbon valence electronsX
NOTES WRITTEN
Carbon has an atomic number of 6, meaning 6 protons and 6 electrons
There are two e- in the inner electron orbital and 4 in the outer
How many e- are available for bonding? FOUR
Carbon can be arranged to make straight chain, branched chain, or rings
and can have single, double or triple bonds
Carbon in all living things-
Because of its unique ability to combine in many ways with itself and other s
elements, carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living things
Diamonds and graphite (pencil lead) or forms of pure carbon
Organic compounds-
X
Organic compounds- carbon containing compounds found in living things
Organic compounds have similar properties (melting points, boiling points,
odor, solubility and electrical conductivity)
Hydrocarbons- compounds that only contain hydrogen and carbon
(examples- methane and gasoline)
Hydrocarbons mix poorly in water and are flammable
Isomers-
Isomers- compounds that have the same chemical formula but a different
structural formula (the arrangement of the compound)
(examples- butane and isobutene)
Saturated vs unsaturated
hydrocarbons-
Saturated hydrocarbons- carbon contains single bonds with hydrogen so
they are filled with hydrogen (saturated)

End in –ane (butane, methane, propane)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons- carbon contains double or triple bonds with
hydrogen (so there is less hydrogen than in saturated hydrocarbons)

SUMMARY
X
End in –ene or –yne (ethene, acetylene)
CUE WORDS or QUESTIONS
NOTES WRITTEN
Substituted hydrocarbon- compound created when one hydrogen on a
hydrocarbon is substituted with another element
X
Alcohol – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more hydroxyl
Groups (-OH)
 Yeast produces ethanol which is what is added to make beer and wine
Organic acid – a substituted hydrocarbon that contains one or more
carboxyl groups (-COOH)
 Acetic acid is the main ingredient in vinegar
Ester – compound made by chemically combining an alcohol and an organic
acid

Esters smell sweet and are responsible for the smells of fruits
Polymer – large molecule made of a chain of many smaller molecules
bonded together (small molecules called monomers)


X
Plastic, nylon and polyester are examples of unnatural polymers
Proteins and amino acids are examples of natural polymers
Four classes of organic compounds:
1) Carbohydrates- what we eat to make energy

Simple carbohydrate-glucose(C6H12O6) (monomer- monosaccharaide)
 Complex carbohydrates are starches and cellulose
2) Proteins- what you need to build and repair body parts and regulate
cell activities (monomer- amino acids)
3) Lipids- what you need for energy storage (fats, oils, waxes,
and cholesterol) (monomer- fatty acids and glycerol)
4) Nucleic acids- genetic material(DNA and RNA) (monomer-nucleotide)
Elements found in all living things:
C- Carbon
H- Hydrogen
N- Nitrogen
O- Oxygen
P- Phosphorous
S- Sulfur
SUMMARY
X