Chapter 14 Digestion: Study Guide Answers!
1. What is peristalsis? __ muscular movements that push food through the alimentary canal __
2. What are papillae and where are they located? _______ taste buds, tongue ________________________
3. What is the roof of the oral cavity called (2 parts): _soft and hard palate
Where is the uvula? back of the mouth, throat area
4. What are the three salivary glands and where are they located? parotid (ear), submandibular (below jaw),
sublingual (below tongue)
5. What are the two types of movements within the alimentary canal? ___ mixing and propulsion ___
6. What are the three main functions of the digestive system?
1) mechanical and chemical break down of food
2) ____ absorption ____________ of nutrients
3) _____ elimination _____________ of wastes
7. What is the name of the opening where the esophagus pass through the diaphragm? _____ esophageal hiatus
__________
8. What layer of the alimentary canal carries out absorption? mucosa
What layer contains glands, blood vessels, and nerves? submucosa
What layer contains the muscles? muscular
What layer covers the structures? serosa
9. What valve opens from the esophagus to the stomach? cardiac sphincter
What valve opens from the stomach to the small intestine? pyloric sphincter
10. What structure connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth? frenulum
11. What digestive enzyme is produced by the salivary glands? amylase
12. The part of the stomach that sits slightly above the esophagus is called the fundus
13. What is the hardest substance found in the body? tooth enamel
14. The central cavity of the tooth is made of dentin
The top of the tooth is called the crown
The part of the tooth that extends below the gums is called the root
15. The front teeth are called __ incisors______. The back teeth are called ___ molars
The pointed teeth after the incisors are the ____ canines or cuspids __
16. What is food called after it has been broken down into a paste? chyme
What are the folds inside the stomach called? rugae
17. What causes jaundice in newborns? liver is not functioning
18. Trace the path of food once it enters the colon (follow through the parts)
ascending colon to transverse colon to descending colon
19. What is the function of the pancreas? digest foods
20. What does the bile duct connect? _ gall bladder _ to the duodenum
21. Where is the hepatic portal vein located? the liver
22. Trace the path of food from the stomach and through all of the parts of the small intestine:
stomach : duodenum >> jejunum >> ileum
* Which section is the longest? jejunum
23. What is the function of the gall bladder? store bile
What is the function of bile? digest fats
24. What membrane holds the coils of the small intestine together? __ mesentery _
What membrane covers the organs of the digestive system like a curtain ? _____ greater omentum _______
25. What is the function of the intestinal villi? increase surface area for absorption
26. What part of the colon is located right before the rectum? __ sigmoid colon _________
27. Where is the cecum located? at the junction between the small intestine and the large intestine
What “useless” structure is attached to it? appendix
28. What part of the system stores waste prior to its elimination? rectum
29. What is a mass movement? defecation, elimination of solid waste
30. The “flora” of the large intestine is what? bacteria
31. What is the function of the large intestine? reabsorption of water
if this function does not work, what sickness can result? dysentery or diarrhea
32. If part of the small intestine pokes through the abdominal muscles, a person has a hernia
33. Hepatitis (A,B, or C) affects which organ of the digestive system? liver
34. The majority of a human’s diet should consist of what? grains, vegetables
35. What substance is mainly responsible for breaking down fats? bile
What substance is created in the stomach and breaks down food? pepsin
36. What is lactose intolerance? inability to break down milk (lactose)
37. What is another name for gastroesophageal reflux disease? acid reflux
38. The biliary system refers to the liver, pancreas and gall bladder.
What are the three ducts found in that system? hepatic, cystic, common bile
39. If a person has dysentery , they have a dangerous form of diarrhea
40. Be able to label structures of the digestive system on an image. (This includes a close-up view of the
stomach and biliary system)