Latin III End of Course Review

Subjunctives
o WE FEAR A GIANT LIAR
Indicative
1st Laudo
Subjunctive
Laudamus
Laudem
Laudemus
Laudas
Laudatis
Laudes
Laudetis
Laudat
Laudant
Laudet
Laudent
Monemus
Moneam
Moneamus
Mones
Monetis
Moneas
Moneatis
Monet
Monent
Moneat
Moneant
Legimus
Legam
Legamus
Legis
Legitis
Legas
Legatis
Legit
Legunt
Legat
Legant
Facimus
Faciam
Faciamus
Facis
Facitis
Facias
Faciatis
Facit
Faciunt
Faciat
Faciant
Audimus
Audiam
Audiamus
Audis
Auditis
Audias
Audiatis
Audit
Audiunt
Audiat
Audiant
2nd Moneo
3rd Lego
3rd io Facio
4th Audio
o Jussive
 Expresses a command or exhortation
 The main verb will be a subjunctive (What a surprise!)
 Jussives are sometimes translated by using “may” and “should” but for the most part they
are translated by using “let” (followed by subject noun or pronoun)
* Tip: If you see a subjunctive on its own (that is not in a subordinate clause) then
translate it with “let”
 Negative commands are introduced by “ne”
Examples
1. Discipulus discat aut discedat.
Let the student either learn or leave.
2. Ne id faciamus
Let us not do this.
3. Pullum amemus
Let us love the chicken.
o Sum and Possum Subjunctives! Present and Imperfect
Present
Sum Sim
Imperfect
Simus
Essem
Essemus
Sis
Sitis
Esses
Essetis
Sit
Sint
Esset
Essent
Possimus
Possem
Possemus
Possis
Possitis
Posses
Possetis
Possit
Possint
Posset
Possent
Possum Possim
o Imperfect Subjunctives
 The imperfect is the present active infinitive + the present system personal endings (for both
active and passive)
Imperfect
Active
Passive
Laudarem
Laudaremus
Laudarer
Laudaremur
Laudares
Laudaretis
Laudareris
Laudaremini
Laudaret
Laudarent
Laudaretur
Laudarentur
o Perfect Subjunctives
 Active: 3rd principle part (ex. amav) + eri + endings
 Passive: 4th principle part (laudatus) + sum subjunctive endings
Perfect
Active
Passive
Amaverim
Amaverimus
Laudatus sim
Laudatus simus
Amaveris
Amaveritis
Laudatus sis
Laudatus sitis
Amaverit
Amaverint
Laudatus sit
Laudatus sint
o Pluperfect Subjunctives
 Active: 3rd principle part (ex. laudav) + isse + endings
 Passive: 4th principle part (laudatus) + esse + endings
Pluperfect
Active
Passive
Laudavissem
Laudavissemus
Laudatus essem
Laudatus essemus
Laudavisses
Laudavissetis
Laudatus esses
Laudatus essetis
Laudavisset
Laudavissent
Laudatus esset
Laudatus essent
o Result and Purpose clause

o Indirect Question

o Indirect Command

o Cum Clause

o Fear Clause – Subjunctive clauses with verbs of fear
 Timeo timere timui – To fear (used to fear things which are present)
Metuo metere metui – To fear (used to fear things which are not present)
 An infinitive can be used where a fear clause is stating a fact:
Ex. Timebant silvam intrare
They were afraid to enter the forest
 A fear of what might or may happen can be expressed in a simple sentence without a
subordinate verb clause:
Ex. Caesar consensum Gallorum timuit
Caesar feared the union of the Gauls
 UT and NE are OPPOSITES!
 Verbs and phrases that express fear of an anticipated situation are followed by a subjunctive
clause. The subjunctive clause is introduced by ut or ne. This type of construction gives
insight into the speaker’s attitude towards the anticipated condition
Ex. Timeo ne cadat
I fear that he MAY fall (i.e., I hope that he does not fall)
Timeo ut cadat
I fear that he will not fall (i.e., I hope that he does fall)
 Sometimes a subjunctive clause of fearing uses ne…non… in place of ut. This results in a
double negative:
Ex. Metuo ne hodie grammiticus non me interroget
I fear that Magister may not fail to call on me today

Deponents
o Verbs that have passive endings but active meanings
o MOST IMPORTANT: To remember what verbs are deponent
o Deponents only have three principal parts
1) first sing. Pres. Indic. , 2) pres. Infinitive ,
3) first sing. Perf. Indic.
o The following is an example of a deponent from each of conjugations
Present Indicative
Present Infinitive
Perfect Indicative
hotor, I urge
hortari, to urge
hortatu (-a, -um) sum, I urged
fateor, I confess
fateri, to confess
fassus (-a, -um) sum, I confessed
sequor, I follow
sequi, to confess
secutus (-a, -um) sum, I followed
molior, I work at
moliri, to work at
molitus (-a, -um) sum, I worked at
partior, I suffer
pati, to suffer
passus (-a, -um) sum, I suffered
o Deponents are conjugated the same way as normal verbs in the passive, but they are actually
active
o Exceptions to the passive but actually active rule:
1. Present and future participles: active forms with active meanings
2. Gerundive (future passive participle): passive forms with passive meanings
3. Future infinitive: active forms with active meanings
o Deponent Imperatives

Present imperative – the normal infinitive, which doesn’t exist. Instead it is the imperative
singular (Sequere)

In the plural it is spelled the same as the 2nd, pl, pass of the present indicative
(sequimini)
o Semi – Deponents

Normal in the present system but deponent in the perfect system
audeo, I dare
audere, to dare
asus sum, I dared
gaudeo, I rejoice
gaudere, to rejoice
gavisus sum, I rejoice
o Ablative with Special Deponents

Sometimes, the ablative is used as the direct object of a few deponent verbs

Ablative with special deponents

utor, to use
potior, to possess
fruor, to enjoy
fungor, to perform
vescor, to eat

Example:
Utitur stilo
He is using a pencil
literally meaning: he is benefitted/ benefits himself by means of a pencil

Comparatives and Superlatives
o Positives: sad
Tristis/e
Tristis
Tristi
Tristem/e
Tristi/e
Tristes/ia
Tristium
Tristibus
Tristes/ia
tristibus
o Comparatives: sadder (-ior + 3rd declension endings)
Tristior/ius
Tristioris
Tristiori
Tristiorem/ius
Tristiore
Tristiores/iora
Tristiorum
Tristioribus
Tristiores/iora
Tristioribus
o Superlatives: saddest (issim + 1st/2nd declension endings)
Tristissimus
Tristissimi
Tristissimo
Tristissimum
Tristissimo
Tristissimi
Tristissimorum
Tristissimis
Tristissimos
Tristissimis
Tristissima
Tristissimae
Tristissimae
Tristissimam
Tristissimā
Tristissimae
Tristissimarum
Tristissimis
Tristissimas
Tristissimis
Tristissimum
Tristissimi
Tristissimo
Tristissimum
Tristissimo
Tristissima
Tristissimorum
Tristissimis
Tristissimos
Tristissimis
Quam with comparatives: than
Ior est tristior quam puer: Eeyore is sadder than the boy.
Quam with superlatives: most… ever
Ior est quam tristissimus: Eeyore is the most saddest ever.
o Irregular comparatives/ superlatives:
Bonus, a, um
Magnus, a, um
Malus, a, um
Melior, ius
Maior, ius
Peior, ius
Optimus, a, um
Maximus, a, um
Maximus, a, um
—, plus
Minor, minus
Prior, ius
Superior, ius
Multus, a, um
Parvus, a, um
Prae, pro
Superus, a, um
Plurimus, a, um
Minimus, a, um
Primus, a, um
Summus, a, um
Supremus, a, um
o Plus:
Plural: adjective
plures amici
Singular: noun (genitive of the whole: more of…)
plus pecuniae
Singular
Plural
m/f
—
—
—
—
—
n
Plus
Pluris
—
Plus
plure
m/f
Plures
Plurium
Pluribus
Plures
pluribus
n
Plura
Plurium
Pluribus
Plura
Pluribus
o MORE irregular superlatives (adj): -er, -lis
-er
Pos: pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum
Comp: pulchrior, pulchriorius
Superl: pulcherrimus, a, um
-lis (6)
Facilis, dificilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis
Normal: fidelis > fidelissimus
Weird: facilis > facillimus

o Ablative of Comparison
Infinitives and Indirect Statements
o Infinitives
 Active
Present: 2nd principle part
Ex: amare “to love”
Perfect: 3rd principle part + -isse
Ex: amavisse “to have loved
Future: 4th principle part + -ur- + esse
Ex: amaturus esse “to have loved”
 Passive
Present: 1st and 2nd conjugations use the 2nd principle parts –e to –i, 3rd and 4th
conjugations use the 2nd but it is changed to –i.
Ex: Amari “to be loved”
Perfect: 4th principle part + esse
Ex: Amatus esse “to have been loved”
Future:
Unnecessary.
o Indirect Statement a.k.a. the Active Infinitive Noun Phrase
 Directly:
 “Sabrina,” magister inquit, “est discipula bona mala.”
“Sabrina,” the teacher said, “is a good bad student.”
 Indirectly:
 Magister dicit Sabrinam esse discuiplulam bonam malam.
Magister says that Sabrina is a good bad student.
 In English, when stating indirectly, we use the word “that.”
Sabrinam is the accusative that leads the phrase.
Esse the infinitive is said like a regular verb; from “to be” to “is”
The phrase follows a head verb such as dicit, the main verb usually involves thinking,
knowing, feeling, saying, perceiving, et cetera.
 Present infinitive is the same time as the main verb.
Dixerunt eum iuvare eam.
They said that he was helping her.
Both in the past tense, taking place at the same time.
 Perfect infinitive is the time before the main verb.
Dicent eum iuvisse eam.
They will say that he helped her.
He helped her before they would say.
 Future infinitive is the time after the main verb.
Dicunt eum iuturum esse eam
They say that he will help her.
He will help after they speak.

Ablative Absolutes and Participles
o Ablative Absolutes
 Particular form of a participle
 Formation: any of the participles but in the ablative case + ablative noun
 Example: Deo laudato
 Translated with the certain participles translation and “with”
 With the god having been praised
o Participles
Present
Perfect
Future

Active
Laudans, laudnantis
--------Laudaturus, -a, -um
Present Active Participle
 Translated “-ing”
Passive
--------Laudatus, -a, -um
Laudandus, -a, -um

Formation: present stem + ns (third declension endings)
 Example: lauda- + ns = laudans (laudantis, laudanti, laudantem…)
*** present like laudantis***

Perfect Passive Participles
 Translated “(noun) having been (verb’ed)”
 Formation: fourth principle part
 Ending should match the ending of the noun it’s modifying (case, number,
gender)
 Example: puella laudata (the girl having been praised)
Future Active Participles
-Translated “about to (verb)”
-Formation: fourth principle part - (-us) + ur + (-us, -a, -um)
 Example: laudaturus
*** future like laudaturus ***
Future Passive Participles (Gerundive)
-Translated: “to be (verb’ed)”
-Formation: present stem + (-nd) + (-us, -a, -um)
 Example: laudandus
*** gerundive like laudandus ***

Gerunds and Gerundives
Gerunds are verbal nouns that are active in meaning and are formed by adding nd to the present
stem of the verb.
Its beautiful face
Translation
Nominative
Legere
reading
Genderdive
Legendi
of reading
David
Legendo
to/for reading
Accusation!
Legendum
reading!
Ablative
Legendo
by reading
Notice how the nominative is just the infinitive! Yes, notice. Also it is always neuter, just like the
infinitive.
Examples:
Discipuli interfecti est legendo.
The students were killed by reading.
Magister amorem legendi tenet.
Mr. Germain has a love of reading.
When coupled with a verb of motion and ad, the gerund shows porpoise. 🐬
Examples:
Bovus venit ad cacandum.
The cow came to poop.
Felix Laterculus discedit ad natandum.
Felix the Brick departed to swim.

Passive Periphrastic
Gerundives, AKA future passive participles, are passive in meaning and are formed by adding ndus,
nda, ndum to the present stem of the verb. The decline just like 1st and 2nd declension adjectives.
Legere -> Legendus
When used with est, gerundives indicate necessity and important things. It's usually translated as "X
is to be verbed." Also, the gerundive has to match the subject in gender and number, like any other
adjective.
Examples:
Lingua latina studenda est.
The Latin language is to be studied.
Naves astri volandae sunt.
Starships are meant to fly.
Since they are passive statements, passive periphrastics can be coupled with agents. The agents are
put in the David case.
Examples:
Polli amandi Sabrinae est.
Chickens are to be loved by Sabrina.
Magister laudandus est omnibus.
Mr. Germain is to be praised by everyone.

Eo and Locative
Eo, ire, ii, itum- to go
-Irregular Forth Conjugation
-Passive Forms are rare
Active Indicative
Present
Imperfect Future
Perfect
eo
is
it
imus
itis
eunt
ivi
ivisti
ivit
ivimus
ivistis
iverunt
ibam
ibas
ibat
ibamus
ibatis
ibant
ibo
ibis
ibit
ibimus
ibitis
ibunt
Active Subjunctive
Present
Imperfect
Perfect
eam
iverim
irem
Pluperfect Future
Perfect
iveram
ivero
iveras
iveris
iverat
iverit
iveramus iverimus
iveratis
iveritis
iverant
iverint
Pluperfec
t
ivissem
eas
eat
eamus
eatis
eant
ires
iret
iremus
iretis
irent
iveris
iverit
iverimus
iveritis
iverint
ivisset
ivisset
ivissemus
ivissetis
ivissent
The Locative- used with names of cities, towns, small islands and the words “Domus,” “Humus” and
“Rus” to indicate place where.
Ex:
Visus est Romae, Ephesi, Athenis & Carthagine
-notice that the 1st & 2nd declension nouns look genitive
and the 3rd & 4th and declension nouns look ablative
Agricolae ruri (rure) sunt
Draco praedam domi celant
Arbor longa humi natus est
Farmers are in the country.
The dragon hides loot in his home.
A tall tree sprang from the ground.