EOC Review Guide Answers
1. Fill in the table below:
Macromolecule
Protein
Carbohydrate
What it’s made of
Amino acids
Sugars, or any combination of
carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate &
nitrogen base)
Description/test/use
Proteins are used for structure
and as enzymes
Starches, sugars, cellulose makes
cell walls, as a fuel for energy
Are in fats, oils, & waxes
Used to make DNA, RNA, & ATP
2. What are the characteristics of enzymes? What are enzymes used for?
Made of __proteins_____.
Specific- Enzymes will only work on one specific substrate (the thing the enzyme acts on)
Active site- the an area that interacts with the substrate
Reusable- enzymes don’t get used up in a reaction, they don’t change at all
Reduce the _____activation _ _energy_ of a reaction
3. Comparing cells
Prokaryote
Nucleoid – the
chromosome of the
bacterium
Chromosome is circular
Reproduces by asexually
by binary fission or
sexually by conjugation
Cell walls made of
peptidoglycan
Eukaryote
Cytoplasm
Has membrane wrapped
organelles like a
mitochondria &
chloroplast
Cell
membrane
Nucleus
ribosomes
Usually diploid
Cell wall of cellulose or
chitin
Reproduces asexually
by mitosis or sexually
by meiosis
1
Plants
___
Animals
Centrioles
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Large central vacuole
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Golgi
Apparatus
ER
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
4. Name that cell part!
Organelle
What it does
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Contains the chromosomes & runs the
cell; the” brains”
Carries out cellular respiration to make
ATP; “powerhouse” of the cell
Carries out photosynthesis, converting
radiant energy to chemical energy
Made of two protein subunits, helps read
mRNA to make a protein
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Ribosome
lysosome
Vacuole
Golgi Apparatus
Found in a:
Prokaryote
No
Eukaryote
Yes
Plant
Yes
Animal
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Provides protection & structure to the cell
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Liquid part of the cell; lies outside the
nucleus
Digests invading virus, old cell parts,
“recycler”
Large, central, water filled structure;
holds wastes & nutrients
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Packaging center for proteins
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
2
5. Virus vs. Bacteria
Use the T-chart below to compare virus & bacteria
Virus
Bacteria
1.) How does it reproduce?
Only inside of a host cell
Independently by binary
fission
2.) What is it made of?
Nucleic acid in a protein coat
These are cells
3.) Is it free living or parasitic?
Must be parasitic
Most are independent;
some are parasitic
4.) Is it an autotroph or a heterotroph? Neither, it is not alive
most are heterotrophs, a few
are autotrophs
6. Cell Cycle: Describe what happens in each step of the cell cycle (Interphase through cytokinesis) &
make a quick sketch of each.
Interphase- cell goes about its daily business, manufactures more proteins & organelles. If it’s going to
divide, the chromosomes are copied
Prophase- nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes coil up and become visible; centrioles, if present,
divide and move to poles of cells, spindle fibers begin forming
Metaphase- spindle fibers attach to chromosomes; coiled chromosomes are pulled into line across center
of cell; centromere divides to end this phase and start the next
Anaphase- Centromere divides and sister chromatids are now chromosomes; they move to ppposite poles
of the cell
Telophase- Chromosomes have arrived at poles of cell & begin to unwind; nuclear membrane begins to
reform
Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm, after the nucleus has divided. In plants it begins with a division
plate across the middle of the cell. In animals, it begins with the formation of the cleavage
furrow that pinches the cell in two in the middle.
3
7. Diffusion: What is the difference between solutions that are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic?
The difference is in the amount of solute dissolved in the solution that surrounds the cell.
What is happening to the cells in the picture below and why?
Hypotonic- water
moves into cell because
the salt concentration in
the cell is greater than
the salt concentration
outside the cell; the cell
swells & may burst
Isotonic- salt concentration
is the same inside & outside
the cell; no net movement
Hypertonic- more salt in the
solution outside the cell;
water moves out of the cell ;
the cell shrivels
8. Disease: Name 3 ways diseases are spread.
a. airborne- spread by droplets released
b. person to person- by hand, kissing
c. food borne- spread by contaminated food
9. Disease:
What is a pathogen?
Disease causing organism
What kinds of things can be pathogens? Virus, bacteria, parasite
What body system protects us against them? Immune system
10. Cellular Energetics.
Use the manipulative at station 1 to help you answer these questions:
a. Photosynthesis occurs in __plants___ in the organelle called the _____chloroplasts______.
b. In photosynthesis, _CO2__+ __H2O__ and the energy of ___Sunlight_ make _C6H12O6_ +
_O2___.
c. Respiration occurs in all _Cells___ in the organelle called the ___Chloroplast_____.
d. In respiration, __C6H12O6__ + ___O2__ make _CO2_ + __H2O_ and make _ATP__ for the cell to use.
11. Levels of Organization: Arrange the following terms in order from lowest level of organization to
highest in the space beside them.
Atom
Tissue
Atom.> molecule>organelle>cell>tissue>organ>organ system>Organism>
Cell
Organ
>Species
Organelle
Organ System
Molecule
Organism
Species
Organ system
4
12. Evolution & Diversity: Define the following terms, & tell how each can be used to understand how
organisms developed.
Analogous structure- Structures that organisms have and that very similar, but only because the
organisms have evolved in similar niches
Homologous structure- Structures that organisms have that are similar because they have evolved from a
common ancestor
Vestigial structure- Structures that are reduced in size & function because they are much less used now
than they were, so they don’t need to be as large
13. Make a Cladogram using the species cards. Sketch it below. What do we use cladograms to show?
Monkey
Humans
Turtle
Kangaroo
Fish
Frog
Amphioxous
14. Diversity/ Taxonomy (or “How do you know it is what it is?”) Think fast game: Play against the
other pair at your table. Try to describe the organisms as you pick up the card. Your partner must guess
the organism. You may not tell them what it is! After the game, do the following:
For each of the organisms listed below, give at least three things that help you to tell it apart from all other
types of organisms.
Bacteria- prokaryote, heterotroph or autotroph, no organelles or nucleus
Protista- Eukaryotic, may have cell walls (algae), may be heterotroph or autotroph, may be unicellular or
multicellular
Fungi- Eukaryotic, heterotroph, lives on dead materials (or on live organisms if it is parasitic), cell walls
made of chitin
Fish- Eukaryotic, heterotroph, no cell walls, has a backbone, body covered with moist scales,
2-chambered heart, cold blooded
Plant- Eukaryotic, autotroph, multicellular, cell walls are made of cellulose, photosynthetic
Reptile- Eukaryotic, heterotroph, no cell walls, has a backbone, body covered with hard, dry scales,
3-chambered heart, cold blooded, lays a leathery shelled egg
Mammal- Eukaryotic, heterotroph, no cell walls, has a backbone, body covered with fur or hair,
4 chambered heart, warm blooded
Bird- Eukaryotic, heterotroph, no cell walls, has a backbone, body covered with feathers,
4 chambered heart, warm blooded, lays a hard shelled egg
Invertebrate- Eukaryotic, heterotroph, no cell walls, has no backbone, body may be covered with an
exoskeleton, a shell, or some other body covering, circulatory system may be open or
closed
14. What are the levels of classification, in order?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
The scientific name consists of the genus and species name, underlined. Organisms that have the same
genus name are very closely related. Each level is made of several groups from the level that comes after
it. (For example, a kingdom is made of several Phylums, a Phylum is made of several Classes, etc.)
5
15. Cell theory: What does the cell theory say? (Hint: there are three parts to it.)
All living things are made of cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure & function in a living cell.
Cells come only from pre-existing cells.
16. At the 4th station,
Use the DNA cards to make a complementary strand of DNA.
molecule sequence. What is this process called?
DNA TAC
Write down both sides of your DNA
GGC AAA T T T CCC ATC
DNA ATG CCG T T T AAA GGC TAG
Now use the RNA cards to make a messenger RNA from the original DNA strand. Write down the DNA
sequence and the RNA sequence. What is this process called?
DNA TAC
GGC AAA T T T CCC ATC
RNA AUG CCG UUU AAA GGG UAG
Now, use the decoder sheet to choose and line up the Amino acid sequence in the correct order. Write
down the amino acids. What is this process called?
Met-Pro-Phe-Lys- Gly-Stop
17. Which two of the above named processes is used to make a protein?
Transcription and then Translation
Which process will a cell use to pass on genetic information just before it divides?
Replication
18. Genetics:
Define the following: (Note: Remember that alleles are different versions of the same gene, and that
most organisms are diploid, so there are two genes (alleles) in the genotype, like AA or Aa or aa.)
Homozygous- two alleles are alike
Heterozygous- two alleles different (one dominant and one recessive)
Dominant- the trait that is seen even if only one of the alleles is dominant
Recessive- for the trait to be seen, it must be homozygous
Incomplete dominance- the offspring look like a blend of the parental traits, there is no clear dominant or
recessive trait
Phenotype- the physical appearance of an individual
Genotype- the genes the individual has
6
19. Work the following cross:
A heterozygous dominant purple pea plant is crossed with a homozygous recessive white pea plant. What
percent of their offspring will be white?
P
P
0% white
100% purple
PP x pp
p
p
Pp
Pp
Pp
Pp
Cross two of their offspring. What percent of the F2 generation will be purple?
P
p
Pp xPp
75% Purple
P Pp Pp
25% White
p Pp Pp
20. Using the materials at the table, take the organisms shown and build 1) two food chains, 2) a food
web and 3) an energy pyramid.
1)
Grass > cricket > frog > fox
2)
Eagle
Frog
Snail
Fox
Raccoon
Cricket
Grass
Rabbit
Tree
3) On your pyramid, label the trophic levels and tell what percent of the energy at each level will transfer
to the next level
10% of the energy only is transferred to the next trophic level.
Eagle
Frog
Snail
Grass
Fox
Tertiary consumers
Raccoon
Cricket
Rabbit
Tree
Secondary consumers
Primary consumers
Producers
7