ASA Review Notes
CONTENT STANDARDS
1. Characteristics of Life
2. Cells
3. Human Body
4. Kingdoms
5. Plants/Animals
6. Species Variation
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Abiotic/Biotic
Chromosomes
Chromosomes
RNA/DNA
Mendel’s Laws
Standard 1:
Characteristics of Life: in order to be an organism you must do/have five things.

Made up of 1 or more cells

Reproduce

Move/respond to stimuli

Consume energy/energy source/eating-food

Grow

Exchange gases (plants release O2/animals release CO2 these exchange with environment/organisms)
Homeostasis: the maintenance of a stable internal environment. Balance in the environment.
Unicellular organisms: Uni means 1
bacteria, amoeba, paramecium, euglena & Volvox use different methods of movements.
ORGANISM:
Amoeba
Paramecium
Euglena
Volvox
MOVEMENT:
Pseudopodia
Cilia
Flagella
rolls
Standard 2

Eukaryotic cells: have defined/membrane bound nucleus and organelles

Prokaryotic: no defined nucleus
Body Cells: skin cells, nerve cells, muscle cells, brain cells etc. Everything BUT sex cells
Cell organelles/functions
Organelle
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
ER
Golgi bodies
Ribosomes
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Function
Control center of cell, contain DNA
Surrounds the nucleus
Breaks down materials for energy, powerhouse of cell
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Transportation
Packages proteins
Makes proteins
Storage; bigger in plant cells
Jelly like substance throughout the cell
Only in animal cells; helps get rid of waste
Only in plant cells; support and protection
Only in plant cells; green, photosynthesis
Standard 3: Covered this semester/review notebook and terms
Standard 4
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Autotroph or
heterotroph
“Ancient Bacteria”
Most
common
bacteria
E. ecoli
Live in very hot
places
Pyrococcus furiosus
Protista
Eukaryote
Autotroph/
heterotroph
Includes
Algae
Don’t
belong in
other euk
Paramecium
Fungi
Plantae
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Release
enzymes
to digest
food
Cell walls
&
Chloroplasts
Animalia
Eukaryote
Heterotroph
No cell wall
H. coccinea
Fern frod
No chloroplasts
Multicellular
Homo sapiens
Linnaeus- is
responsible for
the 7 layer
systemclassification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Standard 5
Plants


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Autotrophs (make their own food)

Cells: Square in shape, have chloroplasts,
cell wall and large vacuole
Producers (produce food for other
organisms)

In mitosis: cell plate forms

Photosynthetic: process of using sun to

Get energy from sun
make their own food
Parts of a plant:
Stamen-this is the male part of the flower. It is made up of the filament and anther; it is the pollen producing part of
the plant. The number of stamen is usually the same as the number of petals.
Anther- This is the part of the stamen that produces and contains pollen. It is usually on top of a long stalk that looks
like a fine hair.
Filament- This is the fine hair-like stalk that the anther sits on top of.
Sepal- The parts that look like little green leaves that cover the outside of a flower bud to protect the flower before it
opens.
Style- Another female part of the flower. This is the long stalk that the stigma sits on top of.
Stigma-One of the female parts of the flower. It is the sticky bulb that you see in the center of the flowers, it is the
part of the pistil of a flower which receives the pollen grains and on which they germinate.
Pollen-sperm cells for a plant.
Ovary- The part of the plant, usually at the bottom of the flower that has the seeds inside and turns into the fruit that
we eat. The ovary contains ovules.
Ovule- The part of the ovary that becomes the seeds.
Pistil- This is the female part of the flower. It is made up of the stigma, style, and ovary. Each pistil is constructed of
one to many rolled leaf-like structures.
Petal- The colorful, often bright part of the flower. They attract pollinators and are usually the reason why we buy
and enjoy flowers.
Sperm-male sex cell
Egg –female sex cell
Endosperm- food storing tissue
Fertilization-the joining of a egg and sperm
Self pollination- gravity, insects, wind and rain and is when pollen is transferred to the stigma of a flower on the
SAME plant.
Cross-pollination -pollen is transferred from one plant to ANOTHER plant of the same species
Animals:

Heterotrophs: need outside source for food

Consumers: eat producers and other organisms

Cells: round, have Lysosomes Sexual reproduction only

Get energy from plants
Standard 6
Species Variation:
Changes in species behaviors/relationships
Adaptations are due to climate, camouflage, isolation, geography/location and species
Interactions: Competition
Mutualism: mutually beneficial for both organisms
Parasitism: the relationship between two different kinds of organisms: 1 receives benefits from the other by causing
damage to it
Symbiotic Communities/populations; organisms living together
Standard 7
Abiotic vs. Biotic

Abiotic- non living (A = NO, BIO = Life)-water, soil, air/gases, metal, ect.

Biotic – living
Standard 8 and 9
Mitosis
Meiosis
 Body Cells (Somatic)
 Sex Cells
 2 diploid cells (2n, double # of chromosomes)
 4 haploid cells( n, ½ the # of chromosomes)
 Goes through phases once
 Goes through phases twice
 Has Spindle fibers
 Has Spindle fibers
 Cells are identical
 Cells are different, more variation
 23 chromosomes
 Crossing over occurs-Prophase I
Standard 10
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Deoxyribose sugar

2 strands

ATCG
Pairing A – T
Chargaff’s Rule: A will always equal T and C will always equal G
•
•
Job of DNA:
Give instructions for building and maintaining cells
Able to copy each time cells divide
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid

Ribose sugar

1 strand

AUGC U-uracil
A–T U-A
•
•
DNA is made of subunits called nucleotides; consisting of
a sugar, a phosphate, and a base
All nucleotides are identical except for the base.
There are four bases:
• A-adenine
• G-guanine
• T-thymine
• C-cytosine
Heredity: the passing of traits from parents to offspring
• Mutations: Changes in the number, type, or order of bases on a piece of DNA.
Three mutations:
1. Deletion-base is removed
2. Insertion-base is added
3. Substitution-base is replaced
• Chromosomes made of DNA.
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic material that is located on a chromosome that determines the inherited characteristics.
Standard 11
MENDELS LAWS: 1. Dominance: Dominance shows up if at least 1 allele 2. Segregation: separation 3. Independent Assortment: distributed
Genetics info:

HOMOZYGOUS: Same 2 alleles/DD, dd =
Punnett square:
same purebred

show possible genotype for offspring

HETEROZYGOUS: 2 different alleles/Dd
different hybrid

each square is worth 25%

Dominant: Big letter/will always show

anytime 2 heterozygous are crossed you get a
3:1 ratio Bb x Bb = BB, Bb,Bb, bb (3 will be

Recessive: Little letter/ doesn’t show unless
dominant to 1 recessive)
rr

if purebred: must be either homozygous and

Ratio: 1 out of 4 or 1 out of 3 count boxes
can be dominant homozygous (BB)or

Probability: a percentage out of 100%
homozygous recessive (bb)

Allele’s individual letters

if Hybrid : will always be heterozygous (1 big

Genotype: 2 alleles coding for a trait
letter/1 little letter)

Phenotype: physical characteristics that
genes code for/what it LOOKS LIKE