Reading Questions Ch. 8 Part 2 including Varying Viewpoints “Whose Revolution”***
Varying Viewpoints pp. 162-163 Notes
“Whose Revolution?” - a compilation of Historiography---views of historians over time on
the same subject---in this case, The Revolution—they are known by their “Schools” of thought 
1-1830s to 1870s – The Whig School – George Bancroft- often considered America’s 1st Great
Historian and also the “Founder of the US Naval Academy.”
The Whig historians believed that the American Revolution was just a chapter in the “Divinely
Inspired” unfolding story of progress of human liberty—a pathway of a pre-ordained progress to
moral perfection.
2-1870s to early 1900s – The Imperial School – Beer/Gipson/Andrews – at the time of the
Imperialist competition to control the worlds resources—
The Imperial historians believed that the Revolution was a Constitutional conflict within the
British Empire—a product of a collision between two different views of Empire—The Americans
moved steadily, from their founding due to salutary neglect, to a view of Self-Government---and
Britain moved towards a strengthening of control over their colonies.
3-1900s to 1950s – The Progressive View – Carl Becker and J. Jameson – at a time of deep
class conflict in America—growth of Labor Unions and questions about what role the Federal
Government should take in our everyday lives.
The Progressive historians believed that the Revolution stemmed from class conflict that
produces a truly transformed social order. “The American Revolution was not about ‘Home Rule,
BUT, WHO should rule at home,’ and inspired ordinary Americans to seek greater economic and
political power—and in that desire democratized society by their efforts.
4-1950s – The Consensus View – Brown and Morgan- the political climate of the 1950s
became more conservative—a country obsessed with the spread of communism—
The Consensus historians, similar to the Whig view of early America, believed that colonists of all
classes and ranks shared a commitment to fundamental political principles of self-gov’t and that
the “UNIFYING POWER OF IDEAS” drove them all to rebellion.
5 -1950s to 1980s – Neo Consensus V. Neo Progressive – influenced by the conflict in
America between liberals and conservatives that takes place during this era… a conflict among
historians who believe in POLITICAL IDEAS V. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REALITIES.
Neo-Consensus historian Bernard Bailyn contends “The Power of Ideas”-Enlightenment
philosophers influenced the colonists to grow suspicious of “tightening control” –new taxes (NCP)
and Mercantilism enforced—created a “conspiracy” to rob them of their rights and that they
fought due to their commitment to “Liberty.”
Neo-Progressive historians, like Gary Nash and Edward Countryman, believed that increasing
social and economic divisions in urban seaports and in the “backcountry” in the 1760s and 70s led
to rebellions against the political elite and wealthy in the colonies (Paxton Boys and Regulators
for example). That colonial society was breeding Revolutionary change from within---The varying
class and social groups that existed in the growing colonies had unique ideas of what
“Republicanism” meant to each of them. This is a more complex view that takes into consideration
the collision of ideas and interests (economic).
6-Modern Historians Today – a Trans-Atlantic View –the debate turns to - when the
colonists begin to see themselves as uniquely “American” V. “British?”
Fred Anderson sees the French and Indian War helping to create a sense of American Identity
apart from British.
T.H. Breen argues that an “Anglicanization” (becoming more British) occurs due to the increased
economic and cultural ties that grew stronger after the 1700s ---Trade and the influence of the
“Marketplace of Ideas” spread by a growing “print culture” spread this “Anglicanization” of the
colonies—AND IS NOT UNTIL THE COLONISTS REALIZED THAT THE BRITISH DID NOT VIEW THEM
AS EQUALS WITH RIGHTS AS ENGLISHMEN ---that the colonists begin to see themselves as
AMERICANS—AND REBEL.
So…is there a question here…YES… #1 – After reading these different interpretations of the
causes of the American Revolution…. WHICH OF THESE INTERPRETATIONS DO YOU BELIEVE IS
MOST ACCURATE AND WHY? [MAKE SURE TO GIVE AT LEAST ONE SPECIFIC PIECE OF EVIDENCE
TO SUPPORT YOUR VIEW)  HAVE FUN… YOU COULD CHOOSE TWO OR THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS
AS WELL, IF YOU WANT---AND GIVE A % … FOR EACH TO EQUAL 100%... TO ACCOUNT FOR
“MULTIPLE CAUSATION.”  HAVE FUN…
1: answer here: Minimum 1 paragraph 5 sentences 
VISUAL QUESTIONS FOR 8 PART 2 –
1 Famous Painting 151
-Title?
- What is the result of GWs actions?
- What errors are there in the Painting?
2 Map(s) 152 – 156 - 157
152-
Name the British Generals on the map?
Name one battle in which they are shown fighting, EACH?
156
Name the British General’s “Route” shown on the map?
Name the two (2) battles close to North Carolina?
Name the city where the BR. Gen. surrenders?
157
3 Portrait 154
Name the American General?
Name the three (3) battles he wins?
who?
How old was he when he is sent to France?
How long does he stay?
What does he accomplish in France? (2)
4 Golden Box Quote 155 – Chart 155
GBQ
What Country officially sends an ambassador to the USA “recognizing” them as a Country to the world?
Chart
Title?
Who fought on the British side?
Who fought with America?
Who were the members of the “Armed Neutrality” who opposed GB W/Economic Sanctions?
5 Golden Box Quote 158
Who?
From where?
Did what during the Revolutionary war?
How does he explain the “genius” of Americans?***
6 Painting 159
Title?
Which two (2) Countries are in battle?
Who wins?
How does this effect Br. Gen. Cornwallis at Yorktown?
READING QUESTIONS (151) [PHASE II OF REV. WAR—WAR IN THE NORTH JULY 5, 1776 -1780]
GEORGE WASHINGTON AT BAY
7 Where do the British look to move their base of operations after leaving Boston (they stay here until the end of the
war)?
8 July 1776 – How many British ships and how many men ?
How many men for GW and the Americans?
9 After the destruction of the Americans @ Long Island and Manhattan—To which State does GW escape to
across the Delaware River to save the American Army and the American Cause---(remember GW has to keep an army
in the field… to keep hope alive and the possibility of INDPEPENCE)?
10 Which British General was chasing GW?
11***Which two (2) battles in New Jersey (locations) become HUGE VICTORIES for the Americans beginning Dec.
26,1776?
BURGOYNE’S BLUNDERING INVASION
***** British Strategy for this phase of the war****12 What river valley do the British want to capture?
By taking this river valley---What REGION do they want to cut off (sever) from the rest of the States?
*****13 Which city was the target for ALL 3 BRITISH GENERALS ---do they all go this way? Why not?
14 Which BR. Gen. goes the wrong way & to many historians, perhaps, cost the British a victory in this war?
15 Which American General stops the British by quickly building “green ships” on the side of the lake and forcing the
Brits to retreat back to Canada….and sets up the victory ---IN THE MOST SIG. BATTLE OF THE REV. –LATER?
16 AT THE SAME TIME*** Which two (2) battles does GW lose (where) to Br. Gen. Howe?
17 What is the significance of the American Winter at Valley Forge?
18 What happens October 12, 1777---Which American General was in Command---BUT (see internet) WHO should
have gotten more credit for this MONUMENTAL AMERICAN VICTORY?
19 WHY does Saratoga rank high among decisive battles of both American and World History? (3)
REVOLUTION OR DIPLOMACY
20 Americans wanted an end to ____________________ and __________________. The Strongly supported ____________________
________________ and ________________________ of the _______________________.
21 Novus Ordo Seculorum ? (translate the Latin)
22 Describe the three (3) parts of the Model Treaty from a US perspective ---(no__, no__, only__)?
23 A momentous turning point when ____________ _____________ would be abandoned and the bonds of ________________
_________________ ___________________ would guarantee peaceful relations among States (Countries).
24 Franklin was loved, in Paris, as a specimen of a new what?
25 What “measure” is passed by the British Parliament in 1777 after Saratoga?
26 What are the three (3) conditions or parts of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778? (***note- this is the last treaty
where America will guarantee military assistance until the NATO agreement is signed after WWII-1949)
THE COLONIAL WAR BECOMES A WIDER WAR
27 In 1780, Whom creates the “Armed Neutrality?”
28 “Daddy and I Killed the bear” –What nation is “Daddy?”
29 From 1778 to 1783 the French provided what? (5)
30 Due to France’s powerful Navy Britain withdrew from where & concentrated their strength where?
31 What were the awful conditions during the battle at Monmouth, NJ---What happened---Who is Molly Pitcher (XC)?
BLOW AND COUNTER BLOW [War in the South –Phase III of the American Revolution 1780-1783]
32 Where is the first place that the French ARMY lands in America?
Who commanded the French Troops?
33 Who turns traitor, stunning America, in 1780?
-What does he attempt to sell, is he successful?
34 Which Region do the British decide to attack next? WHY?
35 Which two (2) cities in the South are captured in 1779 and 1780?
In which do the Americans lose 5000 men and 400 cannon (larger than the BR. Losses at Saratoga)?
Which BR. Gen. is in Command?
36 What two (2) battles **** American Victories*** turn the tide in the South—Jan 1780 & Oct 1780 –
37 Who was the American Commander in the South, “The Fighting Quaker,” who takes over after the “hero” of
Saratoga, Gen. Horatio Gates had earlier during the battle at Camden, SC “run away” all the way home…and Leads the
Americans along with help from the Swamp Fox, Francis Marion, in a series of actions that allows the Americans to
turn the tide in the South and bring the Revolution to a close---very soon?
THE LAND FRONTIER
38 Who were the “Hair Buyers?”
39 Who is the Mohawk Chief who led 4 of the 6 tribes in the Iroquois Confederacy to support the British in the
Revolution?
Which two (2) of the Iroquois fought with the Americans?
40 Why does the Iroquois Chief fight with the British?
*****41**** The Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784 is significant as the 1st what? (details)
42 The ______________________________ was ablaze during ALL of the Revolutionary War?
43 Which two (2) Kentucky cities are named for a battle _____________________________ and a Monarch_______________________?
44 ****Which American General attacks the British in Illinois Country and is victorious at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and
Vincennes?
How are these, perhaps, MASSIVELY SIGNIFICANT, in affecting the borders of the new USA determined in the
Treaty of Paris, 1783?
***45 Who is the ONLY American Naval Hero during the Revolutionary War (of course he is a Scotsman) (he is buried
at the US Naval Academy) ---his most famous naval battle is between the two ships, The Serapis and the Bonhomme
Richard. (extra credit possible)
46**** More numerous and damaging were swift____________________________ or pirates with “Letters of Marquee” that
legalized their plunder of BOOTY.
How many Privateers were authorized by Congress to search for BOOTY?
How many British ships do they take?
How specifically do they help the American Cause?
YORKTOWN AND THE FINAL CURTAIN [THE END OF THE WAR ]
47 Why specifically was 1780-81 a “dark time” for the Americans? (2)
48 Explain how the Americans AND French---“TRAP” BR. GEN. CORNWALLIS?
49 Name the French Admiral who traps Cornwallis by Sea?
Name the French General who with Gen. GW traps Cornwallis by land?
50 How is the “world turned upside down” on October 19, 1781?
- Lord North cried, what?
How many thousands of British troops are still in the USA?
How long does fighting continue after Yorktown?
51 What three (3) specific things does GW do during the war that was so valuable?
PEACE AT PARIS
52 Which political party takes over in Britain in March of 1782? (remember these folks wanted to give the American
colonists more freedom to trade etc… and opposed the strong hand of the Tories---thus the USA is fortunate to be
negotiating with them at the end of the war---one reason the treaty is so favorable for the USA)
53 Name the three (3) Americans who are sent to Paris to negotiate the Treaty that ends the American
Revolution?****
54***What two (2) specific instructions do our representatives in Paris take with them from Congress?
55 Why, specifically, (reasons) were Spain and France---less than helpful to the USA after the War---and, perhaps,
might have even been working against our interests?
56 What does John Jay do….to attempt to overcome the French and Spanish intentions?
57 HUGE********THE
TREATY OF PARIS, 1783
****BOUNDARIES OF THE NEW USA:
NORTH:
SOUTH:
WEST:
Which Nation now controls Florida?
What about the Fisheries?
*****America was supposed to do: [do we keep our promises? Consequences---***]
Loyalists?
Congress was supposed to recommend to the States to do what?
Debt?
A NEW NATION LEGITIMATIZED
58 Why was Britain so generous to the USA in the Treaty of Paris, 1783?
What is the Key to the Riddle? (4 ways)
59 Do the Americans sign a separate peace treaty—in violation of the Franco-American Alliance, 1778?