The Respiratory System
13.1.1 Name the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the
lungs (or identify them on a diagram or model) and describe the function of each.
 Organs of the Respiratory system
 _____________
 Pharynx
 _____________
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs – alveoli
 Function of the Respiratory System
 Oversees gas exchanges (oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between the _____________ and
external environment
 Exchange of gasses takes place within the
lungs in the alveoli(only site of gas
exchange, other structures passageways
 Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and
humidify the incoming air
 Shares responsibility with _____________
system
13.1.2 Describe several protective mechanisms
of the respiratory system.
The Nose
 The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
 Air enters the nose through the external nares (_____________ )
 The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal _____________
 Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
 Nostrils – external nares, nasal septum
 _____________ receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface
 The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
 Moistens air
 Traps incoming foreign particles
 After _____________ and foreign debris is trapped it is moved by ciliated cells to the throat.
 Cold day cilia become _____________ – runny nose
 Lateral walls have projections called conchae
 Increases surface area
 Increases air _____________ within the nasal cavity
 The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate
 Anterior hard palate (bone)
 Posterior soft palate (_____________ )
 Cleft palate – failure of the bones forming the palate to fuse medially.
 Paranasal Sinuses
 Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
 Frontal bone
 Sphenoid bone
 Ethmoid bone
 Maxillary bone
 Function of the sinuses
 _____________ the skull
 Act as resonance chambers for _____________
 Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
 Nasal mucosa is continuous with sinuses allowing infections to spread easily.
 When passageways connecting the sinuses and nasal cavities are blocked due to infections, the air in
sinuses is _____________ , changing internal pressure.
 Sinus headache.
Pharynx (Throat)
 Muscular passage
from nasal cavity to
larynx
 Three regions of the
pharynx
 Nasopharynx –
superior region
behind nasal
cavity
 Oropharynx –
middle region
behind mouth
 Laryngopharynx
– inferior region
attached to
larynx
 The oropharynx and
laryngopharynx are
common
passageways for
_____________ and food
 Structures of the Pharynx
 _____________ tubes enter the nasopharynx
 Ear infections may follow a sore throat
 Tonsils of the pharynx
 Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx
 Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
 Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
 Used to _____________ tonsils if constantly infected. Now we use antibiotics.
Larynx (Voice Box)
 Routes air and food into proper channels
 Plays a role in speech
 Made of eight rigid _____________ cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
 Structures of the Larynx
 Thyroid cartilage
 Largest hyaline cartilage
 Protrudes anteriorly (_____________ _____________ )
 Epiglottis – elastic cartilage
 “guardian of the airways”
 Superior opening of the larynx
 Routes food to the larynx and air toward the _____________
 Vocal cords (vocal folds)
 Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)
 Glottis – opening between vocal cords
Trachea (Windpipe)
 Connects larynx with bronchi
 Lined with _____________ mucosa
 Beat continuously in the _____________ direction of incoming air
 Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs
 Walls are _____________ with C-shaped hyaline cartilage
 Allows for esophagus to expand
 Keeps trachea _____________ in spite of pressure changes
 Blockage of trachea
 Life-threatening
 Heimlich maneuver
 uses air in
person’s
own lungs to
“pop out”
_________
 Could crack
ribs
 Tracheostomy
 Produces
lots of
mucus at
first due to
irritation.
Primary Bronchi
 Formed by division
of the trachea
 Enters the lung at the _____________ (medial depression)
 _____________ bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left
 Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches
13.1.3 Describe the structure and function of the lungs and the pleural coverings.
Lungs
 Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
 _________ is near the clavicle (superior portion)
 Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)
 Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
 Left lung – two lobes
 Right lung – three lobes
 Coverings of the Lungs
 Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers
the ___________ surface
 __________ pleura lines the walls of
the thoracic cavity
 Pleural fluid fills the area between
layers of pleura to allow gliding
 The pleural fluid sticks the visceral
pleura and parietal pleura together.
 Essential for normal breathing.
 Respiratory Tree Divisions
 Primary bronchi
 _____________ bronchi
 Tertiary bronchi





 Bronchioli
 _____________ bronchioli
Bronchioles
 _____________ branches of the bronchi
 All but the smallest branches have reinforcing _____________
 Terminal bronchioles end in _____________
Respiratory Zone
 Structures
 Respiratory bronchioli
 Alveolar ________
 Alveoli
 Site of gas exchange
Alveoli
 Structure of alveoli
 Alveolar duct
 Alveolar _________
 Alveolus
Gas exchange takes place within the alveoli in the respiratory membrane
Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier)
 Thin _____________ _____________ layer lining alveolar walls
 Have alveolar pores connecting neighboring air sacs incase the passage is _____________
 _____________ _____________ cover external surfaces of alveoli
 Fussion of alveolar and capillary walls create the respiratory membrane.
 Air on one side/blood flowing on the other.
 Gas Exchange
 Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by _____________
 Oxygen enters the blood
 Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli
 Respiratory membrane is 70-80 square meters of surface area.
 Macrophages add protection called _____________
 _____________ coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces