Capital Input by Industry
Deb Kusum Das
ICRIER and Ramjas College, New Delhi, India
Abdul A. Erumban
University of Groningen, the Netherlands
First World KLEMS conference
Harvard University

Construct capital stock and capital services for
India-KLEMS database at industry and
aggregate economy level
2

Obtain measures of investment in asset categories (IT equipment, communication
equipment, other machinery, transport equipment, software, non-residential
structures, dwellings), subsequent estimation of capital stocks and user costs of these
asset categories.

Development of price indices for investment and user cost to obtain capital services.
The latter are based on internal rate of return, depreciation patterns, tax schemes,
and capital gains. Obtain measures of total capital compensation.

Sources for investment and capital measures are CSO (National accounts, ASI and
NSSO) databases, where possible extended to obtain greater industry detail and
additional breakdowns on the basis of I/O tables (using commodity flow methods)
and production statistics.

Methodological research may focus on topics including measurement of software;
treatment of owner occupied housing; analysis of role of land and inventories;
hedonic price measures for ICT capital inputs (computers, communication
equipment, software); age of physical capital stock; age- efficiency profiles; role of
taxation differences; ex post vs. ex ante returns.
3

Capital input along with Labor input will be used in a value added
formulation of growth accounting to derive estimates of total factor
productivity (TFP) by 31 industries.

Previous studies on estimation of TFP growth in India have used
capital input measured as gross fixed capital stock at constant
prices using perpetual inventory method

Majority of the studies have utilized three things to arrive at gross
fixed capital stock as a measure of capital input – (1) an estimate of
bench mark capital stock, (2) time series on gross investment and
(3) time series of capital goods price.

Ahluwalia (1986, 1991), Goldar (1986), Mohan Rao (1996),
Balakrishnan and Pushpangadan (1994) and Das (2004) have all
constructed estimates of capital input using a capital stock measure
following the above procedure.
4

Capital services using Jorgenson
methodology
 Asset-wise capital stock growth rates are
aggregated using compensation shares of each
asset as weights, so that differences in marginal
productivities of these assets are incorporated
5

The objective is to create a capital services series for the 31
India KLEMS industries for the period 1980-2004

The challenge is in construction of a capital services series
from a series of capital stock by the 31 India KLEMS industry
classification

We need capital stock estimates for all detailed asset types
and shares of capital remuneration in total output value

We consider a FOUR asset classification- Construction,
Transport Machinery, Non ICT Machinery and ICT
Machinery

We also form a TWO asset classification: ICT capital asset and
Non ICT capital asset
6

Capital compensation (Rs millions)
 ICT capital compensation (Rs millions)
 Non ICT capital compensation (Rs millions)

Capital services volume index
(1999=100)
 ICT capital services volume index (1999=100)
 Non
ICT capital services volume index
(1999=100)
7

National Accounts Statistics, CSO

Asset wise Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) at current prices, 1950-2007 for 9
broad sectors, further de-classified into Public and Private units which have been
further divided into Administrative, Departmental Enterprises and Non Departmental
Enterprises

Input-Output tables, CSO
Annual Survey of Industries for organized manufacturing


New_Purchased + Used_Purchased + New Construction assets = GFCF
▪ From 1964-65 till 2004-05 with some missing time points
▪ The missing values have been interpolated


NSSO surveys on unorganized manufacturing

Rounds 45 (1989-90), 51 (1994-95), 56 (2000-01) and 62 (2005-06)

Data for in between years are interpolated
CMIE’s Prowess firm level database

Used in ICT estimation
8
NAS
Total ICT investment
Software
Hardware
Communication
ASI
X
NSSO
X
CMIE
X
X
X
X
X
Transport Equipment
Machinery & Equipment
Land
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Construction
Non-residential structures
Residential structures
Other assets
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
9
India KLEMS
Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing
Mining and quarrying
Food , beverages and tobacco
Textiles, textile , leather and footwear
Wood and of wood and cork
Pulp, paper, paper , printing and publishing
Coke, refined petroleum and nuclear fuel
Chemicals and chemical products
Rubber and plastics
Other non-metallic mineral
Basic metals and fabricated metal
Machinery, nec
Electrical and optical equipment
Transport equipment
Manufacturing nec; recycling
Electricity, gas and water supply
Construction
Sale, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles
Wholesale trade and commission trade
Retail trade
Hotels and restaurants
Transport and storage
Post and telecommunications
Financial intermediation
Real estate activities
Renting of machinery & equipment
Public admin and defence; compulsory social security
Education
Health and social work
Other community, social and personal services
Private households with employed persons
NAS
Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, gas and water supply
Construction
Trade
Hotels and restaurants
Transport and storage
Post and telecommunications
Financial intermediation
Real Estate, Ownership of dwelling and
business activities
Public admin and defence; compulsory social
security
Other Services
10

Data files from NAS containing information on capital formation by industry of use (
Statement 13: GFCF at current prices in Rs. Crore.) split into public and private
sectors were made available.

CSO, Government of India provided data on GFCF on NAS sectors by private as
well as public sector. For public sector, data was aggregated from Administrative
units, Departmental as well as Non Departmental enterprises. The time series
provided extended from 1950-51 to 2004-05

On matching with 31 India KLEMS industry classification, it was found that this
CSO data was only available for aggregate categories: TRADE, HOTELS AND
RESTAURANTS and OTHER SERVICES. Further, India KLEMS industry # 26:
RENTING OF MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENTS AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES
was not available from NAS because it is a part of REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES in
NAS. These needed attention
11

We have utilized information on value added series for sectors 18, 19 and
20 ( as well as 28,29, 30, 31) to create data on GFCF for sectors 18, 19 and 20
( 28, 29, 30 and 31).

Two methods of computing GFCF values for the above sectors: (1) Y from
value added series and (2) L from labor input series. In the first method, we
have utilized information (Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y) and (L1, L2, L3 and L). To
create GFCF for 18, 19 and 20, ( 28, 29, 30 and 31)we have in fact GFCF *
Y1/Y or ( GFCF * L1/L) to create GFCF for18 at current price. Similar for
others.

A sensitivity check on the two alternative methods were done and value
added method of breaking up the broad sectors was preferred.
12

NAS files have provided information: Buildings (B), Residential &
Buildings, (RB) Non Residential Buildings (NRB), Construction (C), Other
construction (OC), Transport equipment (TE), Machinery equipment (ME),
Software (S) by NAS sectors.

In public sector, we have information on the following assets - B, OC, TE,
ME , S and RB and in private sector we have C, NRB, ME and S.

In public sector, we have information separately on TE and ME, whereas in
private sector only ME is provided. If it is the case that the TE is included
in the ME for the private sector, then we can find out the ratio of TE in the
total GFCF and then apply the same ratio to break up the ME into TE and
ME for the private sector

Combining public and private, we propose to have a FOUR fold asset
classification for measuring capital stock :
Asset 1= Building and Construction
Asset 2= Transport Equipment
Asset 3= Machinery and Equipment
Asset 4= Software, Hardware and Telecommunication equipments (ICT)

Utilizing detailed data from NAS file, we create the following categories
for NAS sectors
13
India KLEMS 31industry classification includes the
following sectors for Manufacturing- organized as well
as unorganized.













Food Products, Beverages and Tobacco
Textiles, Textile Products, Leather and Footwear
Wood and Products of Wood
Pulp, Paper, Paper Products, Printing and Publishing
Coke, Refined Petroleum Products and Nuclear Fuel
Chemicals and Chemical Products
Rubber and Plastic Products
Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products
Basic Metals and Fabricated Metal Products
Machinery not elsewhere classified
Electrical and Optical Equipment
Transport Equipment
Manufacturing not elsewhere classified and recycling
14



Annual Survey of Industries (Detailed yearly volumes) for registered manufacturing
We have utilized information from BLOCK C: FIXED ASSET
 Land
 Buildings
 Plants & Machinery
 Transport Equipment
 Computer Equipment including Software (from 1998)
 Pollution control equipment (from 2000-01 onwards)
Land was excluded because CSO does not take LAND into account while constructing GFCF.

These variables of interest are not uniformly available across all years. Further, in some years
important variable like TE has been clubbed as Tools, Transport equipment and other fixed
assets as one category or combinations of Tools, TE and other assets.

GFCF was defined as new purchased+ used purchased+ own construction . This information is
based on single year’s investment series and avoids calculating INVESTMENT as book value of
assets in period T and period T-1.

Data were collected from detailed yearly volumes beginning 1964-65 to 1978-79. CSO [ASI]
generated special tables out of BLOCK C from 1983-84 to 2004-05. Adjustments were done using
GFCF for selected years wherever required.[1967-68, 1972-73, 1974-75 to 1977-78. 1979-80-1982-83]
With interpolation, we could construct a continuous time series of GFCF by asset types from
1964-65 to 2004-05

15

The available unit level data from NSSO on Unorganized manufacturing in India which has been used for constructing
unorganized capital series are:
Round 45thRound 51stRound 56thRound 62nd-

(1989-90)
(1994-95)
(2000-01)
(2005-06)
The asset type information available in respective NSSO rounds are:
45th round
51st round
56th round
62nd Round
1.Land
1.Land
1.Land & Buildings
1.Land & Buildings
2.Building and other construction
2.Building
2.Plant and machinery
2.Plant and machinery
3.Plant & machinery
3.Other construction
3.Transport equipment
3.Transport equipment
4.Transport Equipments
4.Plant & machinery
4.Tools and other fixed assets
4.Software & hardware
5.Tools and other fixed assets
5.Transport Equipments
5.Tools and other fixed assets
6.Tools
7.Other fixed assets
In terms of asset-wise breakup we had to extract out land as a separate asset from 56th and 62nd round. We have
used ratio of land to land, buildings and other construction from 51st round and applied to these two rounds.
16

STEP-II- Calculating two sets of ratios

From NAS we have one figure for unregistered manufacturing GFCF at current price which need to be
broken down into KLEMS 13 unorganized sectors GFCF and each of these GFCF across each sector into
three asset types.
From NSSO. We have extracted “Net additions to owned assets during the reference period” across the
available asset types for all the KLEMS 13 sectors.
For the first task of breaking the NAS unregistered manufacturing GFCF into 13 KLEMS sectors we
calculated the ratio of each sector’s Total assets (which is sum of all the asst types Net additions to
owned assets during the reference period) to aggregate total of 13 unorganized manufacturing sectors.
Thus we get First set of ratio across four rounds.
The second set of ratios which we calculate is to break the GFCF into three asset types for each KLEMS
sectors. The ratio of respective asset to total asset in each sector is calculated and grouped them into
three type of assets (1) Buildings and other Construction (2) Transport Equipments & (3) Plant &
Machinery+ Tools & other fixed assets+ ICT
For building up of our capital series we need to construct the GFCF from 1964-65, but we have only four
rounds information. Till 1989-90, we use the same ratio as of round 45th (1989-90). For the period during
1990-91 to 2004-05, we use all the four rounds to interpolate, for the years when there are no NSSO
rounds, for both the set of ratios using linear interpolation method.




17

STEP-III- Breaking NAS GFCF

We have GFCF at current price from NAS for the whole unregistered manufacturing, we
multiply the each year GFCF with the First set of ratio (calculated in step 6) to break it into
13 KLEMS sectors.

After obtaining sector wise GFCF, the next task is to break the sector wise GFCF into three
asset types. This is done by multiplying the sector wise GFCF with the second set of ratio
obtained in step 7.
18


Census Adjustment
We have obtained published GFCF from ASI. But from 1960-61 to 1971-72,
we have Census sector results and from 1973-74 we have factory sector
results. We make the whole series as Factory sector compatible by using
Factory - Census ratio. We have information for both census and factory
sector for the year 1973-74, thus we are scaling up the Census sector results
by this ratio
Census Adjustment Ratio = Factory Sector / Census Sector

Multiply the census GFCF (from 1960-61 to 1972-73) by this census
adjustment ratio. And the rest 1973-74 to 2004-05, we use the Factory sector
results.

NAS adjustment

Sectoral data benchmarked to NAS reported aggregate manufacturing data
19

ICT investments: hardware, communication and software

No comprehensive data on ICT investments available yet

Available pieces of information include

Software investment from NAS since 2000

Firm level data on GFA in computers, software and communication equipment
from CMIE’s PROWESS, 1989-2009

ASI’s ICT investment for organized Manufacturing for 1999 to 2004

ICT investment in unorganized manufacturing from NSSO 62nd round survey on
unorganisd manufacturing, 2005

WITSA estimates on ICT ‘spending’ by broad sectors of the economy

Past attempts

Jorgenson and Vu (2005)

Total Economy

WITSA data on ICT spending

US investment/spending ratio
 Insufficient for KLEMS purpose
 Only total economy, no sectoral perspective
 Inconsistent with available official data
 US investment/spending ratio might produce biased investment in
developing countries

Three-step approach
1. Total economy ICT estimates
▪
Hardware and Communication equipment

Commodity flow approach (Timmer and van Ark,2005; de Vries et al, 2008)
I i ,t 
Y
IO
i ,s
I iIO
,s
M
IO
i ,s
X
IO
i ,s
 Y
i ,t
 M i ,t  X i ,t

I=current investment, Y =gross domestic output, M =imports; X =exports; all in asset i.
IO refers to input-output tables for benchmark year s, while others are time-series data
from NAS

Considers office equipment and machinery as computer hardware and radio,
TV and communication equipment as communication equipment.

Software investment for total economy

NAS software investment for years since 2000, for total economy and 9
broad sectors
 For years prior to 2000, aggregate Prowess firm level data to relevant
industrial sectors, and compute software/hardware ratio.
 Apply annual changes in software / hardware ratio from firm-level
aggregated data backwards to software/hardware ratio obtained from
published NAS data since 2000.
 Use these interpolated software/hardware ratio, along with estimated
hardware investment, to interpolate software investment backwards
 Sensitivity (using software/hardware spending ratio in aggregate secotrs
from WITSA)
2.
ICT investment in 31 KLEMS industrial sectors

Organized manufacturing sector
▪
▪
Total ICT investment in 3-digit industries from ASI for years 1999 to 2004
For non-available years, apply changes in Prowess firm level ICT/total
machinery investment ratio, aggregated to relevant industry group
Unorganized manufacturing sector

▪
▪
▪
NSSO ICT investment for unorganized sector for 2005, round 62
Generate time-series of ICT/non-ICT machinery ratio for years prior to 2005
using changes in organized sector ICT/non-ICT machinery ratio, applied to
NSSO ICT/non-ICT machinery ratio in 2005
Use this ratio to generate ICT investments in unorganized sector for nonavailable years
Non-manufacturing sectors

▪
Use ICT/non-ICT machinery ratio from Prowess aggregated sectors to non-ICT
investment in non-manufacturing sectors obtained from NAS
3.
Benchmark industry wise ICT estimates to NAS/ASI aggregates, to
ensure complete consistency with published official aggregates.

Use the distribution of the sectoral ICT investment obtained in step 2 and apply to the
aggregate ICT estimates obtained in Step 1 for non-manufacturing sectors



Consistency with NAS and ASI published data at the aggregate level
Industry distribution comes from available sectoral data
Utilizing information from all available sources

Gives complete account of ICT investment by industries for hardware, software and
communication, consistent with published aggregates.

Problems


Inconsistency between aggregated firm level data and published aggregate data for
available years (e.g. ASI ICT/INV ratio for total manufacturing vs. Prowess aggregate)
Assumes same annual changes in ICT/non-ICT ratio for both formal and informal
manufacturing

Sectoral distribution of ICT investment
100%
90%
80%
70%
Other Mfg
60%
ICT producing Mfg
Agri,Mining&Utilities
50%
Finance. Serv
40%
Other Mkt Serv
30%
Non-Mkt Serv
20%
10%
•Manufacturing
•Market services
•Non-market services
0%
1980
1990
2000
2004

120%
Sectoral distribution of ICT investment
Software
Hardware
Communication
100%
Other Mfg
80%
ICT producing Mfg
Agri,Mining&Utilities
60%
Finance. Serv
40%
Other Mkt Serv
Non-Mkt Serv
20%
0%
1980
1990
2000
2004
1980
1990
2000
2004
1980
1990
2000
2004
 ln K j   vkK, j  ln K k , j
k

Capital service growth rates are arrived at as the weighted growth rate of individual
capital stock, where the weights being the compensation share of each asset type, i.e.
 ln K j   vkK, j  ln K k , j
k


Where weights are
v
K
k, j

pkK, j K k , j
pK
j K j
And individual asset wise capital stock is estimated using Perpetual Inventory
Method:
Sk ,T  Sk ,T 1 (1   k )  I k ,T

And rental prices as
pkK,t  pkI ,t 1it*   k pkI ,t
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Investment in Non-ICT Assets
Transport Equipment
Non-ICT machinery (Total Machinery – ICT equipments)
Construction
Investment in ICT assets
Hardware
Software
Communication
Asset wise investment price deflators
Non-ICT from NAS
ICT deflators from US hedonics adjusted for domestic inflation rate (Schreyer 2002)
Asset wise depreciation rates
For non-ICT assets, based on NAS life times
For ICT assets, EU KLEMS
Bench mark initial capital stock for 1950
NAS estimates of net capital stock
Real Rate of return
External real rate of return, measured as the long term average of government
securities and prime lending rate, corrected for consumer inflation

Equipment share in capital stock
TOTAL INDUSTRIES
AGRICULTURE, HUNTING, FORESTRY AND FISHING
TOTAL MANUFACTURING
FOOD , BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO
PULP, PAPER, PAPER , PRINTING AND PUBLISHING
Coke, refined petroleum and nuclear fuel
Chemicals and chemical products
Rubber and plastics
OTHER NON-METALLIC MINERAL
ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL EQUIPMENT
TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE
TRANSPORT AND STORAGE AND COMMUNICATION
TRANSPORT AND STORAGE
FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION
1980s
24.7
7.4
54.5
41.6
33.3
78.4
74.7
73.1
27.0
44.6
67.3
5.7
18.0
11.0
39.2
1990s
31.2
10.0
50.4
42.5
34.0
64.7
65.7
64.4
37.8
42.4
61.5
8.9
29.2
17.3
51.3
2000s
36.9
17.1
62.2
50.1
48.3
86.0
76.3
74.3
54.0
56.9
76.4
12.2
41.0
26.8
49.3

ICT share in Machinery capital stock
0.14
0.12
0.10
Non-Mkt Serv
0.08
Other Mkt Serv
Finance. Serv
0.06
Agri,Mining&Utilities
Mfg
0.04
Total
0.02
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1984
1986
1982
1980
1978
1976
1972
1974
1970
0.00
•Financial Services
•Market services
•Non market services
.
1980-1991
Post - 1992
0.0150
Capital composition effect (Ksg-Kg)
Capital composition effect (Ksg-Kg)

0.0100
0.0050
0.0000
-0.0050
-0.0100
-0.0150
-0.0200
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
 equipment share in total capital stock
0.02
0.0120
0.0100
0.0080
0.0060
0.0040
0.0020
0.0000
-0.0020
-0.0040
-0.0060
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
 equipment share in total capital stock
•More industries with less equipment share and low composition effect in the pre1991 period
•High equipment share and high composition effect in the post-1992 period
. ICT capital services
Non-ICT capital services
145
900
140
800
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
AGR
700
IND
600
MFG
500
SERV
FinSERV
TOT
AGR
IND
MFG
400
SERV
300
TOT
200
100
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
135
.
NON-ICT
1980-91 1992-04
Agriculture, Hunting etc
2.56
3.91
INDUSTRY
6.66
6.53
Mining&Quarrying
11.90
4.12
MANUFACTURING
5.95
6.85
Food, Beverage, Tobac
9.87
4.84
Textiles
2.31
8.45
Wood
8.34
9.29
Paper
5.90
5.33
Coke, petroleum
0.57
10.34
Chemicals
6.60
7.03
Rubber&Plastic
9.59
9.22
Non-Metallic miner
10.03
7.62
Basic Metal&Metal Pdt
5.33
3.30
Machinery NEC
4.35
5.45
Electrical &Optical Eq
3.54
6.33
Transport Equp
1.07
9.88
Other Manufg.
8.66
8.57
ICT
1980-91 1992-04
0.00
0.01
1.34
0.72
0.03
0.06
1.53
0.82
0.54
0.21
3.81
0.49
0.43
2.73
1.97
0.69
1.98
1.19
0.65
1.75
0.47
0.90
0.11
0.46
0.97
1.93
2.59
1.67
4.43
0.89
4.44
1.43
0.40
1.76
Electricity, gas, water
Construction
SERVICES
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Hotels&Rest
Transport serv
Communication Serv
Finance Serv
Real estate
Business Serv
Public Admin
Education
Health
Other services
Private Household
TOTAL
NON-ICT
1980-91 1992-04
8.51
5.35
5.12
9.62
4.57
5.77
3.71
5.89
3.49
5.16
8.25
5.56
4.48
5.89
8.48
9.19
10.66
9.94
1.43
4.08
5.07
14.99
5.23
3.82
7.01
10.36
8.29
11.74
3.52
6.45
3.44
5.80
4.74
5.76
ICT
1980-91 1992-04
0.11
0.11
0.01
0.29
0.05
0.46
0.00
0.06
0.22
0.38
0.69
-0.02
0.01
0.54
0.53
0.94
0.00
0.95
0.00
0.39
0.00
1.66
0.00
0.75
0.02
0.71
0.00
0.10
0.06
0.12
0.00
0.02
0.37
0.48
Basic Metal&Metal Pdt
Public Admin
Agriculture, Hunting etc
Real estate
Mining&Quarrying
Food, Beverage, Tobac
Retail trade
Paper
Electricity, gas, water
Machinery NEC
Hotels&Rest
SERVICES
Private Household
Wholesale trade
Transport serv
Electrical &Optical Eq
Other services
INDUSTRY
MANUFACTURING
Chemicals
Non-Metallic miner
Textiles
Other Manufg.
Communication Serv
Rubber&Plastic
Wood
Construction
Transport Equp
Finance Serv
Coke, petroleum
Education
Health
Business Serv
TOTAL
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
35
-0.50
Hotels&Rest
Agriculture, Hunting etc
Private Household
Mining&Quarrying
Wholesale trade
Health
Electricity, gas, water
Other services
Food, Beverage, Tobac
Construction
Retail trade
Real estate
SERVICES
Non-Metallic miner
Textiles
Transport serv
Paper
Education
INDUSTRY
Public Admin
MANUFACTURING
Electrical &Optical Eq
Rubber&Plastic
Communication Serv
Finance Serv
Coke, petroleum
Transport Equp
Business Serv
Machinery NEC
Chemicals
Other Manufg.
Basic Metal&Metal Pdt
Wood
TOTAL
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
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THANK YOU
dkdas@icrier.res.in
a.a.erumban@rug.nl
37