•
•
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Formerly grouped as one kingdom known as the Monerans.
These four kingdoms are believed to have evolved from the
Archaebacteria.

• No nucleus
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Most cells are
1 -10 μm in size
• Evolved 3.5 billion years ago
• Found only in
Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria Kingdoms
• Has nucleus
• Many organelles
• Cells can be between
2 - 1,000 μm in size
• Evolved 1.5 billion years ago
• Includes Protista,
Fungi, Plantae and
Animalia Kingdoms

• Autotrophs : (able to make own food)
1.) Photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food
2.) Chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H
2
S, sulfur, and iron are consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food
• Heterotrophs : (unable to make own food)
1.) Ingestion: organism eats other organisms or their organic byproducts
2.) Absorption: produces enzymes that break down food particles outside the body, then absorb the digested molecules

• Cell Type : prokaryotes (original life form on earth; gave rise to eukaryotes)
• Body Forms : unicellular
• Cell Structure : have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism; have genetic material but lack nuclear membrane or other membrane-bound organelles.
• Nutrition : autotrophs or heterotrophs
• Habitat : extreme environments such as d deep sea volcanic vents, hot springs

Other Important Information: fewer than 100 species are believed to exist
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria, anaerobic bacteria

• Cell Type : Prokaryotes - considered the
“true bacteria”
• Body Forms : unicellular
• Cell Structure : cell walls made of peptidoglycans; have genetic material but lack nuclear membrane and membranebound organelles
• Nutrition : photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs; heterotrophic forms too
• Habitat : Common environments – land, water and air; live in and on organisms

Other Important Information: extremely diverse – more than 5000 species exist.
Ecologically important as decomposers.
Symbiotic relationships with humans – mutualistic in gut; parasitic when they cause disease.
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: Anthrax, E. coli, Salmonella,
Gonorrhea

• Cell Type : Eukaryotes
• Body Forms : mostly unicellular, some multicellular, some colonial
• Cell Structure : have a nucleus with genetic material and other membranebound organelles; some have cell walls made of cellulose, pectin or silica
• Nutrition : photosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs that use ingestion or absorption
• Habitat : freshwater and ocean water, in and on organisms

Other Important Information: the “catch-all kingdom”; range from microscopic to 150 feet long in size; some are animal-like, some are plant-like; some cause disease .
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: kelp, algae, slime mold,
Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena , diatoms

• Cell Type : Eukaryotes
• Body Forms : some unicellular, most multicellular
• Cell Structure : have a nucleus with genetic material and other membrane-bound organelles but lack chloroplasts; cell walls made of chitin; some have more than one nucleus and some have openings between adjacent cells
• Nutrition : heterotrophic (absorption)
• Habitat : most are terrestrial, some live on or in organisms

Other Important Information: Ecological importance as decomposers. Many have relationships with other organisms. In humansparasitic fungus cause athlete’s foot and ringworm.
Mutualistic examples too: mychorrizae in plants and lichens with algae.
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: bread mold, yeast, mushrooms, mildew, mold, truffles

• Cell Type : Eukaryotes
• Body Forms : multicellular
• Cell Structure : have a nucleus with genetic material and other membranebound organelles; have chloroplasts; cell walls made of cellulose; have large central vacuoles; vascular plants have advanced tissues and organs
• Nutrition : photosynthetic autotrophs
• Habitat : mostly terrestrial

Other Important Information: plants are the base of terrestrial food chains; more than
262,000 species exist
Sketches of Cellular Examples:
Examples: moss, ferns, pine trees, oak trees, shrubs, flowers, grass

• Cell Type : Eukaryotes
• Body Forms : multicellular
• Cell Structure : have a nucleus with genetic material and other membranebound organelles; but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; most have advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs
• Nutrition : heterotrophic
• Habitat : land, water, air

Other Important Information: the most diverse of all kingdoms in appearance; most are motile (they can move)
Sketches of Cellular Examples
Examples: sponges, worms, snails, insects
(ants, grasshoppers), birds, snake, fish, elephant, human