Patricia ruotsalainen
First Aid Instructor
2011
First Aid Course
2006
Siw Sandell
First Aid Instructor

Course Outline
• Introduction
• Test your First Aid knowledge and skills
• Principals of First
Aid
• Basic Human
Anatomy (Bonus)
• Assess the situation
• Call for help
• Unconscious victim
• Airway obstruction
• CPR
• Shock
• Bleeding & infections
• Fractures & soft tissue injuries
• Medical emergencies

Course Outline (2)
• Assess and observe
• Initial observation of the whole scene
• Stay calm

Aim:
To provide you with basic skills and knowledge in order to recognize and provide
First Aid for circulatory and respiratory emergencies (CPR) and to recognize a range of common illnesses and injuries.
Learning outcome:
Demonstrate
• knowledge of the principals of first aid
• knowledge of basic human anatomy
• ability in the examination of a victim
• competence in the provision of CPR
• knowledge of identifying a range of common illnesses and injuries
• First aid management for a range of common illnesses and injuries

Principals and priorities of First Aid
• To preserve life
____________________________
____________________________
• To prevent the injury or condition worsening
______________________________________________
___________________________________________`___
• To promote recovery
____________________________
____________________________
Stay calm
Assess the situation
Safety of First Aider
Safety of other people
Safety of victim
Airway – Breathing
Circulation
Use of bystanders to maintain Safety
Do No Harm

What has happened?

Early access Early Defibrillation
Early CPR Early ACLS

112
1. What has happened?
2. Where?
3. How Many?
4. Answer questions.
5. Do not hang up! Wait for the operator to tell you when to hang up.
6. Guide the helpers to the right place.

Not responding –
Call 112 and
Open Airway

• Look for chest movement.
• Listen to the victim‘s mouth for breath sounds.
•
Feel for air on your cheek.

Unconscious victim …if breathing place in Recovery position

Tongue

Obstructed Airway
Unconscious victim
 drug or alcohol abuse
Foreign object
 like food, ice, toys, dentures, broken teeth, vomits…
Tissue damage
 accident related, poisons, fights…

Obstructed airway continues…
Swelling
 Respiratory infections, allergic reaction
Paralyzed airway
 brain damage, damage to spinal cord, poisoning…
Heart diseases
 may collect liquid in the lungs

Tell the victim to cough
Deliver 5 back slaps x 2 between the shoulder blades

If still not breathing – give abdominal thrusts
5- 6 times

First Aid for choking
1. Tell the victim to cough!
2. Deliver 5 back slaps
3. If not breathing  5 back slaps
4. If not breathing  Heimlich maneuver
(abdominal thrusts) 5 – 6 times
5. Finger sweep and check breathing
6. If not breathing  repeat abdominal thrusts
 If unconscious  call for help  repeat steps 1 to 6 x 3  No  CPR

Angina Pectoris
Narrowed coronary arteries
Heart Attack
Obstructed (clot) coronary arteries
Cardiac Arrest
Sudden stoppage of the heart (blood loss, suffocation, electric shock, anaphylactic shock, drug overdose, hypothermia…)
Ventricular fibrillation ( VF )
Heart fibrillates – no regular beat

Reduced blood supply to the heart during times of stress.
Produces pain in the chest similar to that of heart attack

ADULT CARDIO – PULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CPR
30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS : 2 BREATHS

CHILD CARDIO – PULMONARY RESUSCITATION – CPR under 8 years old
Start with 5 breaths and then continue with
30 chest compressions : 2 breaths

Clinical death:
Heart stops
Biological death:
Brain death

 CPR must be commmenced immidiately!
 The time from stoppage of the heart to permanent death of brain tissue is aprox.
4 minutes.
 The avarage response time by an ambulance is
7 - 8 minutes (whole country 15-20 minutes).
 Someone is needed to sustain life until the ambulance arrives!

Arterieal-Venous-Capillary Bleeding

Patient
Adult male
Adolescent
Child
Infant
Blood volumes
Total Blood
Volume
Lethal Blood loss if not replaced (rapid)
5 – 6.6 liters 2 liters
3.3 – 4.5 liters 1.3 liters
1.5 – 2 liters 0.5 – 0.7
liters
300+ milliliters 30 –50 milliliters

1. Elevate above heart level
 Blood flow subsides
2. Lie down the victim
 Prevents shock
3. Calm down
 Less oxygen
4. Apply pressure dressing
5. Apply indirect pressure
 Not more than 10 minutes

Practice pressure bandage!

There is a problem with your:
Pump: You need to have a functioning heart to pump blood around
Pipes: You need functioning vessels to carry the blood.
Plasma: You need adequate blood in the system. If there is a loss, there will not be adequate volume circulating.

Signs Reason
Alerted mental status :
•Anxiety
•Restlessness
•Combativeness
Skin :
•Pale
•Cold
•Clammy
Brain not receiving enough oxygen
Body tries to correct problem by diverting blood from non-vital to vital organs (from skin to heart…)

Signs of shock continues…
Nausea and vomiting
Blood diverted from digestive system
Changes in vital signs
As body tries to pump more blood  Rapid pulse (>120 = serious)
 Respiration rapid (>24 = serious)
Other signs:
Thirst, dilated pupils, sometimes cyanosis

1. Treat any cause of shock you identify.
2. Stay calm and reassure the victim
3. Lay down the victim and slightly elevate his legs.
4. Maintain normal body temperature
5. Give nothing to drink
6.
Check and record breathing, pulse and level of response.

Shock continues…
Anaphylactic shock
Is a massive allergic reaction by the body’s immune system.
Fainting
Is a self-correcting form of shock resulting from temporary lack of blood flow to the brain.

Fractures
 any break in a bone
Dislocation
 when one end of a bone making up a joint is pulled or pushed out of place
Sprain
 when a ligament is torn (ankle, knee, finger…)
Strain
 stretching of a muscle or tendon or mild tearing of muscle (neck, lower back…)




R  Rest the injured part
I  Apply Ice
C

Compress the injury
E

Elevate the injured part

Medical emergencies
Do you know First Aid for

Priorities of Emergency Care
Highest priority for Injuries:
 Airway obstruction
 Severe breathing difficulty
 Burns involving the respiratory tract
 Cardiac arrest
 Severe bleeding
 Shock
 Spinal Injury
 Severe head injury
 Open chest injuries
 Open abdominal wounds

Highest priority for Medical Problems:
 Heart attack
 Stroke
 Heat stroke
 Poisoning
 Childbirth
 Diabetic emergencies

Read through the “Human anatomy handout and answer study questions.
You have until next week Monday to come to my office and show me your answers.