Which of the following is the correct order of events
in the cell cycle?
95%
A.
B.
C.
D.
G1, G2, S, mitosis, cytokinesis
G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis
S, G1, G2, cytokinesis, mitosis
S, G1, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis
3%
A.
B.
1%
1%
C.
D.
Which of the following is a protein that acts as a tumor
suppressor by fixing damaged DNA in cancerous cells?
73%
A.
B.
C.
D.
HER2
Trisomy 21
P53
BRCA1
24%
A.
1%
1%
B.
C.
D.
Cancer detection and treatment
• Early detection increases
odds of survival
hange in bowel or bladder habits
sore that does not heal
nusual bleeding or discharge
hickening or lump
ndigestion or difficulty swallowing
bvious change in wart or mole
agging cough or hoarseness
• There are different detection
methods for different
cancers
Detecting Cancer
• Blood or urine tests
– Cancer cells may be observed under the microscope
– Some cancer cells release high levels of cancer markers
that may be detected
• Example : Ca125 marker of produced by ovarian cells
• These tests are not always reliable, as cancer markers can be
produced by normal cells, and their levels vary
• Imaging methods
– X-rays
– MRI scan:uses
radiowaves focused
by magnet
– CT scan
– Ultrasound
• Biopsy: surgical removal of cells or fluid for analysis
– Needle biopsy – removal is made using a needle
– Laparascope – surgical instrument with a light, camera,
and small scalpel
• Colonoscopy – view colon with camera mounted on snake-like
device
Polyp – an abnormal growth
• DNA testing
– BRCA1 or BRCA2 for breast or ovarian cancer
Cancer cells within which of the following biopsy samples
would be the best indicator that the cancer has metastasized?
58%
A.
B.
C.
D.
Liver
Pancreas
Ovary
Lymph node
15%
A.
14%
14%
B.
C.
D.
Cancer Treatment
• Chemotherapy – drugs that
selectively kill dividing cells
– Combination of different drugs
used (“cocktail”)
– Interrupt cell division in different
ways
– Normal dividing cells are also
killed, leading to side effects
• hair follicles
• bone marrow
• stomach lining
• Radiation therapy – use of
high-energy particles to
destroy cancer cells
– Damages their DNA so
they can’t continue to
divide or grow
– Most effective against
small localized tumors that
are near the surface.
Cancer Treatment – new biological targets
• Vaccination
– Gardasil® - first vaccine against cervical
cancer
– Most effective when given prior to infection
by HPV
• Molecularly targeted drugs
– Gleevec® - leukemia
CNN Video Clip
Custom cancer treatments for you!
April 2010 : FDA approved the first cancer
treatment vaccine, Provenge®
Your questions on cancer???