EXAM 2 PREP:
Sample Questions
1. What DNA polymerase is used during PCR?
2. What is the difference between DNA poly 1 and 3?
3. What is the difference between Eukaryotes vs Bacteria when it comes to transcription/translation?
4. Cancer cells can skip the G2 phase in the cell cycle T/F?
5. Which gene suppresses tumor growth & is considered "the guardian of the genome"?
A) cyclin
B) RAD52
C) p53
D) cAMP
E) None of these
6. Which intron is sliced out and at what stage is it sliced out?
7. Which two are examples of genetic disorders that can be determined by karyotyping?
A) shovel shaped teeth
B) Down Syndrome
C) KlineFelter Syndrome
D) dry ear wax
E) there aren't two examples in this
​Main Topics:
● Cytokines​ - Lecture 7
● Transcription vs. Translation​ - Lecture 8
○ The difference between them in Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
●
Primary RNA Transcripts
■ For termination just know there is terminator at some point
■ What is the polyadenylation signal & how to find it → Protein coding
segment
● Gene Regulation: Bacteria, Eukaryia, Development, Gene Regulation​ - Lecture 9
Lecture 7
What is the difference between Telophase & Cytokinesis?
Where do microtubules attach on the chromosome?
At which end do kinetochore microtubules shorten during anaphase? (23)
What cells are being divided during mitosis ?
Where do M.T attach to chromosomes??? (21)
What are cancer cells ?
Difference between tumor suppressor and ongon gene
Know characteristics of cancer cells
● Cell cycle
○ G1: prep → we want cells to unravel
○ S phase: DNA replication occurs/ synthesis
○ G2: can be skipped in Cancer cells
○ G0: cells are no longer dividing - they have left the cell cycle
● Meiosis:
○ Somatic cells
○ Haploid: 1n
○ Generates cells that are genetically unique
● Mitosis
○ Diploid: 2n
○ Occurs in somatic cells (all cells except gametes)
■ 4 chromatids per pair of chromosomes
○ Mitosis → Cytokinesis
○ Generates cells that are genetically identical!!!
○ Somatic cells are being divided during mitosis
○ Microtubules are essential for separation of chromatids.
● Cytokinesis: ​is the separation of the cells
○ Actin is responsible for cytokinesis in animal cells
○ Similar process to muscle contraction
○ Need to recognize what the stages are & what’s happening to cell during that
stage
○ Recognize cell in the stage
What is the difference in cytokinesis in animal vs plant cells?
● Plants - cell wall forms.
● Animals - cleavage furrow forms.
○ Explanation: ​Cytokinesis occurs in ​mitosis​ and ​meiosis​ for both plant and
animal cells. The ultimate objective is to divide the parent cell into daughter
cells.
■ In plants, this occurs when a cell wall forms in between the daughter cells.
■ In animals, this occurs when a cleavage furrow forms. This pinches the
cell in half.
● Growth factors
○ Externally signal the cell to divide, as opposed to Cyclin controlling CDK activity
○ Messing up process can cause problems
● Cancer cells
○ Cancer cells lose control of the cell cycle
○ What is the difference between Tumor suppressor & Oncogenes - these two are
involved in cancer ​expression or suppression she said?
■ Need to understand that they work together
■ What is involved in cancer development?
● Tumor suppressor genes & Oncogenes