S.C. Misra
Director(Projects)
Power Grid Corpn. of India Ltd.
Power System in India
•
Electricity is a concurrent subject–both State and Central Govt. responsible for development
& management of this sector
•
State Electricity Boards (SEBs) responsible for wheeling
of power from state generating units and state level IPP’S
•
POWERGRID – the Central transmission utility wheels
power of central generating utilities and interstate mega
IPP’s
•
Power distribution responsibility is generally with SEB’s /
Private distribution utilities
•
3 levels for Grid management system adopted namely
State, Regional & National (under progress)
Hierarchy of Indian Power System
National Grid
Regional Grids
State Utilities
1
5
33
Power Scenario - Present
• Installed capacity
- 107,000 MW
• Peak demand
Peak power
- 82,000 MW
Energy (average)
- 1430 MU/day
• Availability
Peak power
- 71,260 MW
Energy (average)
- 1325 MU/day
• Shortage
Peak power
- 10,300 MW (12.6%)
Energy
- 107 MU/day (7.5%)
Coal – 71%
Hydro – 25%
Nuclear & others – 4%
Transmission - Present
State
HVDC
800 KV
400 kV
220/132 kV
Figs. are in ckt. km
Central
Total
(POWERGRID)
1,504
400
13,000
4,420
550
39,000
5,924
950
52,000
2,06,000
9000
2,15,000
• Transmission loss: 3 - 4% considered reasonable as per international
standards.
• Application of State-of-the-art technologies - HVDC bipole,
HVDC back-to-back, SVC, Series Compensation, FACTS etc.
• Application of improved O&M technologies – Hotline maintenance,
Emergency Restoration System, Thermovision scanning etc.
Demand - Supply Scenario – by 2012
• Projected Peak Demand - 157,000 MW
(as per 16th EPS)
• Capacity addition envisaged –
In 10th Plan
In 11th Plan
- 45,000 MW
- 55,000 MW
Regional to National level Planning
• Uneven disposition of energy resources
 Major Hydro resources in Arunachal Pradesh, H.P and J&K
 Coal reserves mostly in Bihar/Orissa/West Bengal
• Unbalanced growth of different regions
 Surplus situation in Eastern Region, while deficit in others
 Difficulties in day-to-day operation
• Optimisation of generation capacity addition
 Utilising time diversity
 Spinning reserve optimisation, mutual support
• Poor Hydro-thermal mix
 Poor ratio – 25:75, Eastern Region – 12:88
M A JO R E N E R G Y R E S O U R C E S IN IN D IA
Jam m u
2 3 ,0 0 0 M W
L u d h ia n a
NEPAL
BHUTAN
P a rta b p u r
RAPP
G u w a h a ti
J a ip u r
Lucknow
P a tn a
BAN G LA
DESH
MY
V in d h y a c h a l
AN
ER
G a n d h in a g a r
K o lk a ta
In d o re
P ip a v a v
NER
C H IC K E N
NECK
Bhopal
AR
D e lh i
S IK K IM
1 ,7 0 0 M W
MM
NR
5 3 ,0 0 0 M W
K o rb a
WR
T a lc h e r/Ib V a lle y
R a ip u r
B hubanesw ar
T a ra p u r
M um bai
V iz a g
H y d e ra b a d
S im h a d ri
SR
G e n e ra tio n
C oal
K ris h n a p a tn a m
K a ig a
B a n g a lo re
K o z h ik o d e
M a n g a lo re
K a y a m k u la m
T h iru v a n a n th a p u ra m
LEG END
E n n o re
S o u th M a d ra s
C hennai
H y d ro
C u d d a lo re
L ig n ite
C o a s ta l
K u d a n k u la m
N u c le a r
CO LO M BO
SRI LANKA
L o a d -C e n tre
Future Transmission – Strategy
Change in approach
 Bulk power transmission over long distances
Transmission Planning & development at National
level
 Establishment of sufficient no. of inter-regional
links inter-connecting different regions
Major Considerations
• Conservation of Right-of-Way
• Avoidance of Forest
• Flexibility to accommodate uncertainty in
generation addition
• Minimisation of Transmission cost
Technology Integration
• Large investment is required
• Scarcity in Right-of-Way
Hence, there is a need to optimally utilise the
existing transmission infrastructure by
enhancing transmission capacity
Technology for optimal utilisation
• Series compensation /FACTS like TCSC
– Line can be loaded upto its Thermal capacity.
• Higher final Conductor Temperature – 850/ 950C
– Uprate loadability to about 30-50% more than existing 750C .
– Increase in capital cost 1-2%
• Multi-conductor bundle (tripple/quad.)
– Bulk power transfer over moderate distance.
• Uprating of line by using Alternate Conductor System
– High temp. endurance (200 deg C)conductor like INVAR,
ACSS, Gap etc.
Upgradation to Higher voltage
• Upgrading the existing lower voltage line to next higher voltage
increases power transfer capacity with less investment and
practical option.
• POWERGRID has developed design and done actual case
studies for upgradation of
66 kV D/c
132 kV D/c
220kV D/c
to
to
to
132 kV D/c
400 kV S/c
400 kV S/c
• Upgradation of Kishtwar - Kishenpur 220 kV D/c to 400 kV S/c
line is being carried out by POWERGRID to increase power
transfer capability by 1.8 times
Technology for future expansion
• Utilisation of existing capacity will not be sufficient
to meet the long term transmission requirement
• Adoption of following technologies would also be
required:
– Next higher transmission voltage – 800kV
– Hybrid EHVAC and HVDC system
– Compact lines
Next Higher voltage
• 765 kV already introduced as next higher voltage
– large transfer capacity, low losses, lower cost/MW/km
• Suitable for evacuation from Mega projects
– Reasons: Large unit size, scope for immediate future
generation expansion, less R-O-W & compensation,
availability of strong 400 kV underlying network.
• Needs careful attention on Insulation Design, Reactive
Power Management and Operational aspects
–
–
–
–
More than 75% reactive compensation.
Chances of resonant-overvoltages.
Voltage controlled switched shunt reactors.
Maintain large source strength.
HVDC Transmission
• Long distance point-to-point bulk power
transmission
• Asynchronous HVDC links are already under operation
• Talcher-II Transmission System
Generation in ER, beneficiaries in SR situated about 1500
kms. away
Would acts as separator between SR and the rest of
synchronously connected grid.
• Power transfer capacity of the order of 3000MW
over long distance is already under operation with
higher voltage like  600kV in the world
Compact Lines
• Guyed V tower, Chainette tower etc. can be adopted so that
space occupied by the tower base can be reduced.
• Compactness in the line by
– Optimisation of clearances
– Use of insulated cross-arms
– Phase spacers.
Compactness would increase SIL by 15-20% of
traditional line
• POWERGRID already designed 400kV compact line
PLAN FOR NATIONAL GRID - A PHASED
DEVELOPMENT
Phase – 1 – Already completed in 2002
• Interconnection of Regional Grids through HVDC Back-to-Back links having
cumulative capacity of 5000 MW
Phase – 2 – Partly completed – by 2006-07
• Hybrid system comprising of high capacity HVDC and HVAC lines (both
765 kV and 400 kV)
 2000MW, 1400kms long HVDC bipole between Eastern and Southern regions –
completed
 400kV synchronous interconnections between Eastern and Western regions
resulting into synchronous operation of power system having 50,000MW
capacity - completed
•
•
Most of transmission lines would be part of associated transmission system
of large sized generation project.
Cumulative inter-regional capacity would be 23,000 MW
Phase – 3 – to be completed by 2012
• Ring of 765 kV transmission lines inter-connecting ER, WR and NR
• Cumulative capacity would be 30,000 MW
D E V E L O P M E N T O F N A T IO N A L G R ID
P H A S E -I
NR
NER
A U R A IY A
M ALANPUR
500
500
MW
B O N G A IG A O N
MW
B IR P A R A
M ALDA
SASARAM
SAHUPURI
DEHRI
ER
V IN D H Y A C H A L
KORBA
B U D H IP A D A R
CHANDRAPUR
WR
1000
MW
B A L IM E L A
500
MW
KOLHAPUR
U .S IL E R U
G AZUW AKA
E X IS T IN G
BELGAUM
UNDER
CONST.
H V D C b a ck -to -b a ck
4 0 0 kV
2 2 0 kV
KS
HA
DW
EE
AN &
ANDAM
AR
N IC O B
LA
SR
P
Growth of Energy exchange between ER &
Other Regions
10000
Energy (MU)
8000
6000
4000
2000
19
94
-9
5
19
95
-9
6
19
96
-9
7
19
97
-9
8
19
98
-9
9
19
99
-0
0
20
00
-0
1
20
01
-0
2
20
02
-0
3
0
• All India energy exchange in 2002-03 : 12000 MU
Benefits of inter-regional energy exchange
• For transfer of surplus power from ER to other regions,
inter-regional links being developed progressively
• In 1996-97, total inter-regional transfer capacity was
1200MW, which is now 8000MW
• Inter-regional energy exchange increased to 12000MU in
2002-03 out of which 9000MU from ER
• Export of energy from ER leads to
– Saving in fixed cost for ER constituents by about Rs. 1350 Cr.
– Average 2000MW power exported from ER. Hence, investment of about
Rs. 8000 Cr. deferred against addition of equivalent generation capacity
by deficit regions.
Benefits of National Grid
 Reduction in capacity addition requirement by about 13750 MW--- hence
saving on investment of Rs. 55,000 crore. (due to peak time diversity and saving
in spinning reserve)
 Saving in operational cost – Rs. 1200 Cr per annum
 Transmission highway would enable setting up of large pit head stations
having lower cost of energy
Savings on account of this - Rs. 9000 crores per annum.
 In addition, Nation’s investment towards fuel transportation infrastructure
could be avoided.
 Better overall hydro-thermal mix
 Very low for ER and WR ( ER – 15 : 85, WR - 17 : 83 ) – affecting grid
operation
 With National Grid, it would become 33 : 67 on all India basis.
D E V E L O P M E N T O F N A T IO N A L G R ID
URI
Phase – II & III
W AGOORA
D U LH ASTI
R AVI SATLUJ
K IS H E N P U R
JU LLAN DHAR
TEHRI
MOGA
BALLABG ARH
(D E L H I R IN G )
C H IC K E N N E C K
A 'P U R
BHUTAN
M EERUT
H IS S A R
TALA
M 'B A D
NR
B H IW A D I
J A IP U R
AGRA
S H IR O H I
25
00
M 'P U R
PURNEA
VARANASI
ALLAH ABAD
/U N N A O
M ALAN PUR
S IN G R A U L I
MW
L IM B D I
JETPUR
B IN A
GANDHAR/
AM R ELI KAW AS
CHEGAON
VAPI
JAM SH EDPUR
R O U R KELA
KORBA
B AN G LA
DESH
ER
R A IP U R
H IR M A
P A D G H EA M R A V A T I
WR
PAR LI
DHABOL
NER
M A IT H O N
SEONI
BHANDARA
T IP A IM U K H
B 'S H A R IF
N O R TH
KARANPURA
S IP A T
BADARPUR
KAH ALG AO N
TAR APUR AKO LA
P IP A V A V
B O IS A R
M A R IA N I
M IS A
BARH
V IN D H Y A CHAL
SATNA
KATH ALGURI
S IL IG U R I/B IR P A R A
500M W
NAGDA
D IH A N G D A M W E
B O N G A IG A O N
G 'P U R
ZERDA
DEHGAM
RANGANADI
TEESTA
B E A R IL L Y
LUC KN O W
W ARDA
CHANDRAPUR
1000M W
TALC HER
JEYPO RE
L O N IK A N D
KOYNA
KARAD
RAM AGUNDAM
SR
KO LH APUR
20
00
M
W
GAZUW AKA
M
W
V IJ A Y A W A D A
PONDA
20
00
NARENDRA
S IR S I
K A IG A
K R IS H N A P A T N A M
C H IT T O O R
M YSORE
BAN G ALO RE
HOSUR
LA
KS
C O C H IN
SOUTH CHENNAI
S IN G A R P E T
PU G ALUR
C U D D ALO RE
K O Z H IK O D E
LEG END
E X IS T IN G /
IX P L A N
SALEM
HA
K A R A IK U D I
7 6 5 K V L IN E S
KAYAM KULAM
DW
T R IV A N D R U M
KAYATHAR
EE
KU D AN KULAM
4 0 0 K V L IN E S
H V D C B /B
P
H V D C B IP O L E
7 6 5 K V L IN E S IN X P L A N . T O B E C H A R G E D A T 4 0 0 K V IN IT IA L L Y
T O B E C H A R G E D A T 7 6 5 K V U N D E R N A T IO N A L G R ID
X PLAN
N A T IO N A L
G R ID
XI PLAN
Growth of Cumulative capacity of Interregional links
Cumulative Capacity (MW)
35000
30000
30000
23000
25000
20000
15000
10000
4850
5000
0
Plan
By 2002
By 2006-07
By 2011- 12
Present State of Distribution
• Distribution is the Weakest link in the entire
power chain
• Distribution is characterised by inefficiency –
 High losses – both technical and non-technical
 Inadequate metering
 Interruption on power supply
 Unplanned growth – weak network
 Poor quality
• Tardy record in billing and revenue collection –
weak financial health of utilities
Distribution Reforms
•
APDRP initiated by GoI to improve the distribution system in
the country with following objectives :
a) Make the distribution circles commercially viable by
reducing the aggregate Technical and Commercial
loss (ATC)
b) Improvement in quality of power supply
c) Customer satisfaction
•
Govt. of India budgeted an outlay of about Rs. 40,000
Crores for next 5 years.
•
Govt of India appointed POWERGRID & NTPC as lead
Advisor cum Consultant (AcC)
POWERGRID’s Role in APDRP
•
POWERGRID assigned 81 nos. of circles in 18 States all over the
country
•
For these circles schemes for improvement in distribution system
approved by MOP at total cost of about Rs 5000 Crores. Schemes
covers –
– 100% metering at consumers & system level
– Energy Audit and Accounting
– Upgradation/strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution network
including revamping of S/s and DTs
•
In addition schemes of about Rs.850 crores being executed by
POWERGRID in various States on bilateral agreement basis.
•
POWERGRID is also carrying out Rural Electrification works in about
2600 villages in Bihar
Thank You