Leeds
Low Emission Vehicle
Exhibition and Conference
Graham Belgum (FirstGroup) and Ian Downie (Volvo Bus UK)
7th October 2010
Reducing Emissions (Standards)
Tier
Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 5
Euro 6
Date
July 1992
January 1996
January 2000
January 2005
September 2009
January 2014
CO
2.72
1.0
0.64
0.50
0.50
0.50
NOx
0.50
0.25
0.18
0.08
HC+NOx
0.97
0.7
0.56
0.30
0.23
0.17
PM
0.14
0.08
0.05
0.025
0.005
0.005
• Table shows the standards compared to the
previous ones (in g/km).
• You can see clearly which emissions were
the focus for each new standard
Reducing Emissions (Actions)
• Purchased a large number of Euro 4 vehicles over
the last 4 years.
• Currently purchasing Euro 5 and Euro 5 EEV
vehicles.
• Scrapping pre-Euro, Euro 1 and Euro 2 vehicles.
• Replacing some Euro 3 engines with Euro 4 engines
and are looking to do more.
• Using after treatment technologies to bring Euro 3
emissions up to Euro 4 standards.
• These actions are significantly reducing the amount
of NOX and particulates we emit.
Reducing Emissions (Producing less CO2)
• Bio-Diesel
Whole fleet runs on 7% bio-diesel.
Have a 25% and 100% bio-diesel project.
• We have implemented a safe and efficient driving
programme using:
A managed service provided by GreenRoad Technologies Ltd
The Smith System defensive driver training program.
• Improved vehicle maintenance:
Ensure correct tyre pressures and wheel alignment
Addressing any vehicle which has an excessive fuel usage compared to the
average.
• Minimising the time vehicles spend idling:
We are currently rolling out a capability to identify where, when and who is
excessively idling their vehicles.
This is backed up with a switch off when not required campaign.
Embracing new technology
• More Efficient Diesel Vehicles
Reducing vehicle weight.
Using electric fans, steering and doors.
• Hybrids:
Currently trialling 5 x Wrightbus series hybrids in London.
Have just trialled 1 x Volvo/Wrightbus parallel hybrid in Leeds and
have placed an order for 6. Looking to purchase a further 30 with the
help of the Green Bus fund.
Will shortly be operating 12 Optare Versa and 8 Optare Solo series
hybrids in Manchester.
• Retrofit Hybrids:
Are working with suppliers to trial kinetic and electrical energy
recovery systems by storing energy wasted during braking and
releasing it during acceleration.
Embracing new technology – A61, Leeds
• Green Bus Fund:
Bid to implement parallel hybrid vehicles on Scott Hall Guideway
• Three phase implementation – Volvo/Wrightbus
B5TL :
Single vehicle trial for 8 Weeks (Jul-Aug 10)
Pilot 6 vehicles (Delivery early 2011)
Additional 16 vehicles (Delivery early 2012) subject to successful early
phases
• Corridor Package:
Discussions ongoing with Leeds City Council and Metro to provide a
complementary package of infrastructure, bus priority and marketing
measures to maximise benefits from significant vehicle investment
Volvo Hybrid
Volvo Group hybrid development
Many years’ experience
Diesel electric parallel
Cumulo System
Turbine electric series
Diesel
hydraulic
Diesel electric parallel
Advanced engineering
1985
series production
1995
2005
2010
Waste not, want not: recycling in action…..
Roll, brake
To convert waste energy
into useful power and
therefore save fuel
8%
Roll, acc
11%
Drag, brake
3% Drag, acc
2%
Braking 76%
Rolling losses
Aerodynamic losses
Brake losses –
converted to electric
power to drive the vehicle
Parallel Electric Hybrid
Drive to the rear axle comes from the engine and electric motor in combination
0 – 100% from each power source
Engine, Electric Motor and Generator can be downsized
Volvo Integrated Starter Alternator Motor is a combined electric motor and
generator
Diesel
engine
Combined
Enhanced
Torque
performance
diagram
Electric
Motor
and
Diesel
Engine
The parallel
hybrid combines
the output of the
diesel engine
and the electric
motor for
enhanced
performance at
the optimum
point of
operation
Torque
Key
Diesel Engine
Electric Motor
Combined
rpm
Volvo Bus: January 2010
11
Two Fuel Saving Opportunities in the Hybrid
Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion
Provides power & torque
assistance
Recover brake energy
Zero emission / silent mode
Non idling functionality (at bus
stops for example)
Engine downsizing
Alternative drive of auxiliaries
Electric Motors to drive:
hydraulic pumps, air compressor and
a/c drive
Easier to control
Only driven when needed
Driven at optimal working points
independent of engine speed
Minimum idling losses
Why “Hybrid”?
• 2 Main Benefits
Environment
• 30% reduction in Carbon Dioxide
• Up to 50% reduction in Air Quality Pollutants
(NOx, PM)
• Noise Reduction (silent takeoff)
Economy/Finance
• 30% Fuel Saving plus lower maintenance
• Payback for Higher Initial Price in 6-7 years