IPED COAL POWER CONFERENCE
Coal Generation
Technology Options
“Pay Your Money and Take
Your Choice”
January 18-19, 2007 St. Petersburg, FL
presented by
Richard Gendreau, P.E.
R. W. Beck, Inc.
The Coal Paradox
 On
the One Hand:
 Abundant
 >250
 95%
years of reserves in the U.S.
of U.S. fossil fuel reserves
 Relatively
 On
cheap
the Other Hand:
 Capital-intensive
 Higher
emissions than other fossil fuels
Coal: Villain or Savior?
It’s reality! Deal with it!
Poland
95%
Greece
62%
South Africa
93%
Germany
52%
India
78%
USA
50%
Australia
77%
Denmark
47%
China
76%
UK
33%
Czech
Republic
67%
EU15(1)
27%
(1) EU15: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom
800-Pound Gorilla – Carbon Emissions
CO2 Abatement from Coal
Carbon
Dioxide
Reduction
Carbon Capture
and Storage (CCS)
Track 2
TRACK 2
- 95%
Increased Efficiency,
Biomass Cofiring, etc.
Track 1
- 60%
TRACK 1
- 23%
Baseline
Possible
Now
Medium Term
2010
Long Term
2020
Time
Coal Generation Technology Options
 PC
and CFB Technologies
 Subcritical
 Supercritical
 Ultra-Supercritical
 Oxyfuel
 IGCC
Combustion
Comparing Technology Efficiencies

HHV or Higher Heating Value (U.S., Australia)

LHV or Lower Heating Value (Europe, Asia)
 LHV
Efficiencies are 5% to 10% Higher
than HHV
 Other
 3%
Factors
to 5% point difference between U.S.
and Europe
Pulverized Coal and
CFB Technologies
Modern Pulverized Coal-Fired Power Plant
Drum and Once-Through Type Boilers
Subcritical Coal-Fired Power Plants

Mostly Drum Type Boilers in U.S. and
Once-Through Type Boilers in Europe

Lowest Capital and O&M Costs

Flexible Operation

High Availability

Net Plant Efficiency (HHV) 35% to 37% (9,800
to 9,200 Btu/kWh)
Increasing Cycle Efficiency
47
5000/1400/1400/1400
45
Efficiency, %, HHV
5000/1300/1300/1300
USC
5000/1200/1200/1200
4000/1110/1150
Today
40
3500/1050/1050
37
1000
SC
2400/1050/1050
1200
SH Steam Temperature, °F
1400
1.20
40%
1.10
35%
Percent Reduction
30%
CO2 Reduction
1.00
25%
0.90
20%
Subcritical
0.80
15%
0.70
0.60
10%
Supercritical
USC
Developing
0.50
5%
0%
33% 34% 35% 36% 37% 38% 39% 40% 41% 42% 43% 44% 45% 46% 47% 48% 49% 50%
Cycle Efficiency (HHV Bituminous Coal)
Percent CO2 Reduction
CO2 Emissions, Ton/MWh
Impact of Efficiency on CO2 Emissions
Modern Supercritical Boilers

High Efficiency (38% to 41%)

Lower Fuel Costs

Low Specific Emissions (lb/kWh)

Variable (sliding) Pressure Operation to
Low Loads

Good Steam Temperature Control Over
the Load Range

Rapid Load Change and Startup

FOF Similar to Subcritical (~4%)
Ultra-Supercritical Technology
 No
Clear Definition, 4350 psia, 1112
ºF/1112 ºF (300 bar, 600 ºC/600 ºC)
 Possible
Efficiencies up to 46 Percent
and Higher
 Ongoing
Materials Research and
Development
 High
Nickel Alloys Will Be Required
and Will Significantly Increase Cost
CFB Technology
CFB Technology is Mature

Fully Commercial Technology

Over 500 Units Worldwide

Units in Service for Over 28 Years

300 MWe Units in Service

460 MWe Supercritical Unit in Construction

Single 600 MWe Unit With Full Commercial
Guarantees Being Offered

Subcritical and Supercritical Cycles

Demonstrated High Availability
Oxyfuel Combustion
Technology
Oxyfuel Combustion
Integrated Gasification
Combined-Cycle
Technologies
Integrated Gasification Combined-Cycle
2C+ O2 → 2CO
2H2O → 2H2+ O2
H2+ S → H2S
2H2S+O2 → 2H2O +
2S
Advantages of IGCC Compared to SC PC

Efficiencies Comparable to Current
Supercritical PC Technologies

Somewhat Lower Air Emissions

Lower Water Consumption

Lower Solid Waste

Potential to Capture CO2 at Lower Cost

Potential for Polygeneration – Including
Production of Fertilizer and Transportation
Fuels
IGCC Power Market Challenges







Unfamiliar Technology to Power Industry:
“Chemical Plant,” not Combustion Boiler
Higher Capital and Operating Costs
Standard Designs and Guarantee Packages
not yet Fully Developed
Reluctance to Assume Technology Risks
Lingering Availability/Reliability Concerns
Questions About Feasibility and Cost Using
Low-rank Coals, Particularly PRB and Lignite
The 800-lb. Gorilla May Help to Change these
Perceptions
Efficiency of Current Coal Technologies
11,000
CFB (1)
10,500 10,339
10,035
10,000
9,749
Subcritical PC (1)
IGCC (1)
Supercritical PC (1)
Future IGCC
USC
Heat Rate, Btu/kWh
9,478
9,500
9,222
8,979
9,000
8,749
8,530
8,322
8,500
8,124
8,000
7,935
7,500
7,000
7,755
7,582
7,417
7,260
7,108
6,963
6,824
6,500
6,000
33% 34% 35% 36% 37% 38% 39% 40% 41% 42% 43% 44% 45% 46% 47% 48% 49% 50%
Cycle Efficiency
1. Bituminous Coal
“Clean Coal” Is Not an Oxymoron!
Dramatically Reduced Emissions!
Removal Efficiency
PC & CFB
IGCC
SO2
98 to 99%
>99%
NOx
>97%
>99%
ROx
>99.5%
>99.5%
Hg
80 to 95%
95 to 99%
Metals
>99%
>99%
Carbon
Capture
Under
Development
Proven
Escalating Power Plant Costs

Recent 700 MWe Supercritical Coal Project $1,800 to $2,000/ kWh

AEP Announced – They are Searching for
Ways to Reduce the Costs of Two 600-MW
IGCC Plants It Wants to Build in Ohio & West
Virginia. AEP had Placed Tentative Price Tags
of $1.2 Billion to $1.3 Billion Each on the Two
Plants, but a Long-awaited Study Found
Project Costs Greatly Exceeded Previous
Estimates.
Summary

The 800-Pound Gorilla is Driving Greater
Interest and Development in Supercritical
and Ultra-supercritical PC, IGCC, Oxyfuel,
Carbon Capture and Other Technologies

Supercritical Technology is a Well Proven,
Low-risk Technology with Efficiencies
Approaching 41 Percent (8,300 Btu/kWh)
Today with Bituminous Coals

Developments in New Materials are
Expected to Increase USC Cycle
Efficiencies above 45 Percent (<7,500
Btu/kWh) in the Coming Years
Summary

Gasification and Related Processes Have
Been Used Successfully for Decades in the
Process and Petrochemical Industries

The COE from Currently Offered IGCC
Technology is Generally Estimated to be
10% to 20% Higher than the COE from PC.
This Difference is Greater with Low Ranked
Coals, Such as, PRB and Lignite.

Broad Acceptance of IGCC Technology in
the Power Industry Awaits the Completion
and Operation of Currently Planned IGCC
Projects.
Summary

Carbon Capture from Coal Gasification
Derived Syngas is Commercially Mature

Oxyfuel and Other Technologies are Under
Development to Reduce the Cost of
Carbon Capture from PC and CFB
Technologies

But at What Cost?!!!!!
The 800-Pound Gorilla?
IPED COAL POWER CONFERENCE
Questions
Richard Gendreau, P.E.
R. W. Beck, Inc.
rgendreau@rwbeck.com
(508) 935-1810
Gasification Basics
Gasification Basics