Chapter 2:
The
Planting of
English
America
N Am:
Spanish occupied Santa Fe
French occupied Quebec
English occupied Jamestown
England: Religious conflict
King Henry VIII broke w/
C-Church started Prot. Reformation.
Daughter - Elizabeth I – raised to be a
devout Prot.
Ireland - predominately Cath. asked Sp for
help against Elizabeth I. Elizabeth I’s troops
crushed Irish (Cath) uprising--conflict still
exists
Elizabeth I: (Queen 1558-1603)
Religion: promoted Protestantism
Catholicism
God
Pope
Priest Hierarchy
Peasant
Protestantism
God


Peasant
Queen
Elizabeth I of
England
King Philip II
of Spain
“Sea dogs” plundered the Spanish Main/Armada
(carrying gold/supplies from New World).
Best “sea dog” - Francis Drake later knighted for his success
(allowed crown to take a share
of his bounty)
Colonization:
1583 - Humphrey Gilbert explored Newfoundland - unsuccessful.
1585 - Walter Raleigh (1/2 brother of Gilbert)
est. settlement at Roanoke Is, NC also
proved to be unsuccessful –
disappeared.
1588 - Sp King Philip II’s Sp Armada defeated
impact: helped to ensure Eng’s naval
dominance in N Atlantic
English Characteristics:
1. strong, unified national state
2. popular monarch
3. some religious unity
4. sense of nationalism and
national destiny to rule/expand.
Golden Age of Literature
illustrated:
1. thirst for adventure
2. curiosity of unknown
3. spirit of self-confidence
4. vibrant patriotism
5. restlessness
England Early 1600s - Stage is set for
colonization
a. enclosure of croplands - feudal system
being replaced by sheep industry more
b. small farmers (part of feudal system)
now unemployed.
c. creation of laws of primogeniture - eldest
son inherits; younger sons look
elsewhere.
d. some form of religious toleration/freedom.
e. New World = new market
f. birth of joint-stock companies - investors
pool $; form company whose main intent
to make a profit.
Virginia Co. of London
received charter from King James I to
settle in New World; est. Va Colony.
a. Special - guaranteed overseas settlers same
rights as those Englishmen at home.
b. Late 1606 - 3 ships land in Chesapeake Bay
area (1607)- attacked by Indians - move
further up into Bay; land along James River
(easily defendable but mosquito infested).
c. Most die of disease, malnutrition, and
starvation--gentlemen interested
only in finding gold not settlement.
d. John Smith kidnapped by Indians in 1607;
saved by Pocahontas; returns in 1608 to
take “charge” -- “He who shall not work,
shall not eat!
e. 1609-10 - “Starving Time” - of 400 only 60
survive; want to go home; leave but
encounter reinforcements under
Lord De La Warr who ordered them to
turn around; took control.
f. First Powhatan War: Lord De La Warr
organized military action using
Irish tactics of raiding Indian villages
(burned houses; took supplies;
torched cornfields). Peace 1614 with
marriage of Pocahontas and
John Rolfe.
g. Second Powhatan War (1644): last
attempt by Indians to get rid of Jamestown
members; failed.
Result: Ind. banished from area and formally
separated Ind/white areas of settlement.
– Powhatan failed because of 3 D’s:
a. Disease - small pox, measles
b. Disorganization - lacked unity among
Indians
c. Disposability - Indians had no real value
1. couldn’t put to work in mines - no economic function
2. no reliable labor source
3. no valuable commodities to offer
commerce
Result: get rid of w/o harming colonial
economy.
Saving Grace: TOBACCO
Pocahontas tells Rolfe secret of growing
tobacco – cash crop.
King Nicotine:
a. planted extensively - even in streets
b. caused price fluctuation - everyone planted it
c. ruins soil - takes nitrogen out of soil
d. promoted broad-base plantation
system with demand for labor
1619 - Dutch sold 20 African slaves in Jamestown
- planted “seeds” of slave system.
h. 1619 - House of Burgesses formed - assembly
to handle certain local problems
i. 1624 - King James I mad at Va Co/Jamestown:
1. hates tobacco personally even though it
makes $
2. distrusts House of Burgesses - making their
own decisions.
Result: revokes Va Co’s charter with a royal
charter thus making Jamestown a
royal colony under the direct control
of the King.
Maryland Colony (1634)
Lord Baltimore establishes colony to:
1. make $
2. create catholic haven
a. Huge estates were granted to Cath.
relatives
b. Prot. want to come/granted sm. farms
on the outskirts of town.
c. Colony founded on tobacco.
d. Labor: indentured servants penniless people who
worked off their passage.
1649 - Lord Baltimore - passed the Act of
Toleration - granted religious toleration to all
CHRISTIANS -- Jews and Atheists were still
persecuted.
England -- Mid-1600s
W Indies Is. (esp. Jamaica)
1. sugar plantations - rich man’s crop vs.
tobacco’s poor man’s crop in N Am.
(planted cane, harvest, refine, then get
final product)
2. imported African slaves (could afford it and
eventually slaves will outnumber whites
4:1)
3. to maintain control –
created “slave codes” most famous - 1661
- Barbados slave codes - denied most
fundamental rts and allowed masters
complete domination and use (including
the rt to punish).
English Politics:
1629 - Charles I dismisses Parliament
1640 - Charles I reestablishes Parliament but
some were mutinous.
1649 - Charles I is beheaded and
Oliver Cromwell takes over.
1660 - Charles II (son of previous King)
overthrows Cromwell
Restoration Period - rewarded 8 loyalists who
help him “restore” the throne lg. land grants
in Carolina - hope to grow food stuff, sugar
cane, wine, silk, olive oil.
By 1670 - became the link
between N Am (food stuff) and
W Indies (sugar cane).
1670 - Some Barbados English
Settlers move to the
Carolinas
1. brought few Africans
2. imported “slave
codes”
3. enter slave business
in Charlestown but
were somewhat
unwilling to export
Indians to W.
Indies.
1710 - bloody raids annihilated the “Savannah
Indians”.
1. rice soon replaced other crops (sugar
cane and tobacco)
2. called for African slaves - immune to
malaria and knew how to grow rice.
North Carolina’s Emergence:
a. Poverty stricken outcasts and religious
dissenters from Va moved south and
became squatters - w/o legal rt to land.
b. Sm. farmers of SC who snubbed aristocracy
moved north – became squatters.
c. Both befriend pirates/develop
strong dislike for authority
(like RI)
Importance of Georgia Colony:
SC’s prosperous sugar cane/rice industries were
threatened by Sp Fla and hostile Indians from
Fr. La.
King George II’s problem solved when
group of philanthropists, under
James Oglethorpe, proposed setting
up a buffer “colony” in N Am.
Georgia’s Characteristics:
a. Ga would soon thrive as a debtor’s colony
b. Attracted all kinds of people - Germans, Scots
Irish, etc.
c. Allowed religious toleration for all Christians
except Catholics.
SOUTHERN COLONIES
CHARACTERISTICS:
(VA, MD, NC, SC, GA)
a. produced profitable
staple crops tobacco and rice
b. slavery
c. soil butchers - leads
to expansion westward
d. scattering of plantations - retarded growth
of cities and made establishment of
schools/churches difficult and expensive.
e. some religious toleration - tax-supported
Church of England – dominant faith.