The Body
Structure and Function
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
• By the end of this lesson you will;
• Know the different types of joints
• Have a clearer understanding of how the
body moves
• Know the different parts which make up a
joint.
Body Systems
Within the Human body there are a number of
different systems.
•
•
•
•
The skeletal system
The muscular system
The cardiovascular system
The respiratory system
During this lesson we will be focusing on the
Skeletal and Muscular systems.
The Body
• Understanding the framework of
the body, will make it easier for
us to understand how the body
moves.
• Your body’s frame is made up of
two vital components
• Bones
• Muscles.
Body Structure
Bones
Purpose of the Skeleton
(1) Supports your body
(2) Protects vital organs (heart & lungs)
(3) Blood is produced in longer bones (femur)
(4) Enables movement to occur
Skeleton
• The skeleton is made up of bones
and joints. Bones support the
body (so it can stand, sit etc..)
and also allow movement to take
place.
• Without the skeleton our body
would not be able to move at all
• In order to allow our bones to
move, we have muscles
attached to them.
Body Movement
Your skeleton is made up of bones and
Joints.
Joints are where bones meet.
Movement occurs at joints with help from
the muscles.
Body Structure
• Bones and muscles work together allowing
body movement to take place.
• Joints are where 2 or more bones meet.
• Tendons attach muscles to bones.
• Ligaments join bones to other bones and
help provide stability.
Types of joint
• There are two main types
of joint in the human
body.
• These are; Hinge joints
and Ball and Socket
joints.
• These joints can be found
in many different areas of
the body. The different
types of joint allow
different kinds of
movement from the limbs
involved.
Hinge Joint
• A Hinge joint is a type of
joint which only allows an
opening and closing
movement.
• Hinge joints are easily
remembered by thinking
about the hinge action on
a door- opening and
closing action.
• A hinge joint can only
move in one direction
• Examples would be- the
knee or the elbow joint
Ball and Socket Joint
• A ball and socket joint
allows movement in
all directions.
• A ball and socket joint
allows rotation of a
limb
• Ball and socket joints
can be found at the
shoulder or the hip
The knee is a hinge
joint. It can only open
and close like a door.
Write down another
example of a hinge joint
and an activity which
requires this movement.
The shoulder is
a ball and socket
joint. It rotates in
all directions.
Write down another
example of a ball and
socket joint and an
activity which requires
this movement.
The Muscles
Front View
The Muscles
Back View
Muscles
• Muscles are attached to
bones so that we can
push or pull the bones in
different directions. It is
this pushing and pulling
action that allows our
bones to move.
• It is this combination of
muscles and bones
working together that
allows our body to move.
Movement
• To create movement, muscles have to work IN
PAIRS.
– When one muscle CONTRACTS the opposite muscle relaxes (e.g.
Biceps contract, triceps relax = elbow comes up)
(when the triceps contract, biceps relax = elbow comes down)
–
Remember, muscles must work in pairs to create movement
The Skeletal + Muscular Systems
• Ligaments hold connecting
bones together, and prevent
over twisting and stretching.
• Cartilage covers the ends of
bones and acts as a shock
absorber reducing bones
rubbing.
• Synovial fluid reduces friction
between bones.
• Tendons are cords which
attach muscle to bone.
The Skeletal + Muscular
Systems
Label on the diagram 2 ball and socket joints.
Label on the diagram 2 hinge joints.
Label on the diagram the biceps and triceps.
Label on the diagram the quadriceps and hamstrings.
Label the abdominal muscles
Select an activity, and a skill/technique. Name the main joint
used in performing the skill. Describe how the movement is
produced, including the muscles and tendons.
Part
Ligament
Tendon
Muscle
Joint
Cartilage
Synovial Fluid
Description