NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS
1789-1900
Chapter 24
PART 1
CHAPTER 24 NOTES
COLONIAL SOCIETY DIVIDED
 Peninsulares—born in Spain, they head colonial
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government, society
Creoles—American-born Spaniards who can become army
officers
Mestizos—have both European and Indian (Native
American) ancestry
Mulattos—Have both European and African ancestry
Slaves, Indians are at the bottom of society
SOCIAL CLASSES IN SPANISH
COLONIES
REVOLUTION IN HAITI
 Haiti is first Latin American territory to gain freedom
 Toussaint L’Ouverture leads slave revolt against French
in Saint Domingue (Haiti) in 1791
 Toussaint eventually dies in French prison in 1803
 Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Haiti a country in 1804
CREOLES LEAD INDEPENDENCE
 Simón Bolívar—wealthy Creole leads Venezuela in revolution
 José de San Martín—leader of Argentinean revolutionary forces
 Bolivar achieved independence for Colombia in 1819 and Venezuela in
1821
 San Martin liberated Argentina in 1816 and many parts of Spanishspeaking South America, including Chile, by 1817
MEXICO ENDS SPANISH RULE
 Miguel Hidalgo—priest who launches Mexican revolt
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(1810)
80,000 Indian and Mestizo followers march on Mexico City
José María Morelos—leads revolt after Hidalgo’s defeat,
but loses
Mexican Creoles want independence from Spain
Agustin de Iturbide declares Mexico independent in 1821
BRAZIL’S INDEPENDENCE
 In 1822, Creoles demanded Brazil’s independence from
Portugal
 8,000 Brazilians signed a petition asking Dom Pedro (King
John VI of Portugal’s son) to rule
 September 7, 1822 – Dom Pedro declares Brazil
independent with no bloodshed
CLASH OF PHILOSOPHIES IN
EUROPE
 Conservatives—landowners, nobles want traditional monarchies
 Liberals—wealthy merchants, business owners want limited
democracy, want to give more power to elected parliaments
 Radicals—believe in liberty, equality; want everyone to have a vote
 During the 19th century, Europe experienced a conflict between
conservatives and liberals, a resurgence of conservatives over liberals,
and the decline of established empires
 By 1849, most of Europe was under control of the conservatives
NATIONALISM
 Nationalism—loyalty to nation of people with common culture and
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history; loyalty should not be to a king
Nationalism tore apart centuries-old empires and gave rise to the
nation-state
Nation-state—nation with its own independent government
In 1815 Europe, only France, England, and Spain are nation-states
Liberals and radicals support nationalism; conservatives do not
NATIONALISTS CHALLENGE
CONSERVATIVE POWER
 Greece gets Britain, France, and Russia help to gain independence from
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Ottoman Turks in 1827
Greece becomes independent in 1830
Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals and nationalists launch revolts that are all
crushed in 1830
In 1848, there are ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the Austrian empire
Liberals hold power for short time, lose to conservatives by 1849
These uprisings resulted in the resignation of Metternich as ruler of Austria
REFORMS IN FRANCE
 In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore absolute
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monarchy
In 1848, Paris mob overthrows monarchy, sets up republic
1848 constitution calls for elected president and parliament
Louis-Napoleon—Napoleon’s nephew—elected president
Later takes the title of emperor (Napoleon III), promotes
industrialization
REFORMS IN RUSSIA
 Alexander II—czar who determines to make social and economic
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changes
In 1861, Alexander II issues the Edict of Emancipation - czar frees
serfs, but debt keeps them on the same land
Reform halts when Alexander is assassinated by terrorists in 1881
Driven by nationalism, Alexander III encourages industrialization
Russia and France were similar in that they both encouraged
industrialization
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
 Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in
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1852; expands his kingdom’s power and unifies Italy
Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land;
Austria lost the most land as a result of Italian unification
Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists called the Red Shirts who
conquer southern Italy
Italians use military forces to conquer the Papal States in 1870
Rome comes under Italian control and becomes the capital of the
Kingdom of Italy
GERMAN UNIFICATION
 Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany
 mainly German population
 powerful army
 creation of liberal constitution
 The expansion of Prussia was achieved under the leadership of Otto
von Bismarck
BISMARCK UNITES GERMANY
 Junkers—conservative wealthy landowners—support Prussian Wilhelm I
 Junker Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister
 Bismarck originated the political style known as Realpolitik
 Realpolitik—power politics without room for idealism
 Bismarck defies Prussian parliament
 He directly violated the Prussian constitution by ruling with out the consent of
parliament and a legal budget
 Prussia and Austria fight Denmark and gain two provinces as a result
 Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia
MAP OF PRUSSIA
SEVEN WEEKS’ WAR
 Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke
war in 1866
 Prussia seizes Austrian territory and northern Germany
 Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for
first time
FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR
 Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans by claiming
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French ambassador insulted Prussian king
Bismarck gains support from Germans in the south
French declare war on Prussia in 1870
French are defeated and surrender
Wilhelm I is crowned kaiser (emperor of a united Germany) at
Versailles in January 1871
A SHIFT IN POWER
 Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance
 Germans called their empire the Second Reich; this empire was achieved
through ruthless leadership
 Germany and Italy both unified various territories through military force
 By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power
 Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically
PART 2
REGENTS NOTES
NATIONALISM
 Nationalism = loyalty of a people to their values, traditions, and a geographic
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region
Prussia – Otto von Bismarck inspired nationalism and unified Germany
through military force
Blood and Iron – phrase used to describe Bismarck’s unification of Germany
Italy – Giuseppe Garibaldi also inspired nationalism and helped to unify the
kingdom of Italy
The unification of Italy and Germany upset the balance of power in Europe
during the 19th century
LATIN AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE
 The American and French Revolutions influenced Latin
American independence movements of the 1800s
 The French Revolution provided ideas for making political
changes
 Toussaint L’Ouverture, Simon Bolivar, and Jose de San
Martin all led independence movements
MAP OF LATIN AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE
SIMON BOLIVAR
 Simon Bolivar proposed a democratic government for
Venezuela
 He encouraged nationalism
 He opposed the encomienda system and believed Latin
America needed landholding reforms