Geographic Changes
WAR continues
Between 1688 and 1763 a series of
wars were fought between France
and Britain.
These battles were over Land,
Wealth & Power and
 were fought in Europe & North
America
 had effects in Europe & North
America
 was settled with a. Peace Treaty.
1. War of the League of Augsburg
(1688-97)
 Back story (In Europe): Leading up to the War of League
of Augsburg (9 year war), King Louis XIV of France had
emerged European wars as the most powerful monarch in
Western Europe and conquered far-reaching territories.
Many European countries were worried about France’s
aggressive power and decided to join together to form the
“Grand Alliance” to stop French expansion.
 North American War: King William’s War
 Peace Treaty: Peace of Ryswick
 Result: End to British-French Hostilities
2. War of Spanish Succession
(1702-13)
 Back Story (In Europe): The War of the
Spanish Succession was a war to gain the
Spanish throne for Louis’ family.
 The previous king had actually chosen Philip
(Louis XIV’s grandson), and his wishes might
have been respected had Louis promised to
open Spain to trade and not unify France and
Spain under one ruler.
 Since he didn’t agree to do so, the Grand
Alliance declared war on him in 1701.
 Louis was defeated, but at the Peace of Utrecht
in 1713 he still was able to secure the throne for
his grandson though he couldn’t unify the
country and had to open Spain to trade.
2. War of Spanish Succession – Pt. 2
(1702-13)
 North America War: Queen Anne’s
War
 Reason for War: Unification of France
and Spain (Disturb the Balance of
Power)
 Result: Treaty of Utrecht settled the
dispute
Treaty of Utrecht, 1713
 Spain’s dominions are broken up and dispersed:
 Gibraltar and Minorca (island) goes to British.
 Sardinia goes from Spain to Italy (Piedmont)
 The Spanish Netherlands (today’s Belgium) goes to the
Austrian Netherlands.
 Spain does retain South America.
 In Canada, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia go to Britain.
 British greatest winners at the treaty.
3. Seven Years’ War (1756-63)
Back Story (In Europe): There was a
continual struggle between France & Britain
in N. A. This is a war that put Prussia/Britain
against France and the Holy Empire and is
the 4th colonial war that happened between
France and Britain:
• It was an Imperial War
• This war was fought on both continents.
• The war fought in North America is called
the “French and Indian Wars” and was
fueled by the Treaty of Utretch (1713)
and the Expulsion of the Acadians (1755)
• French and Native Allies vs British
Results – (Treaty of Paris):
4. Participants in ‘Seven Year War’
All the participants of the Seven Years' War.
Blue: Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal with allies.
Green: France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies.
British and French Conflicts in
North America (1689-1763)
The colonial wars between France
and Britain were fought in two
areas in North America:
1.
2.
St. Lawrence River and Great
Lakes Control of the Fur Trade
Control of the Atlantic
(Louisbourg, Halifax, and
Acadia)
The Seven Years’ War was a battle:



for Land, Wealth & Power
Control of the fur trade and farmland
Rich fishing areas
Struggle to Control the Fur Trade
British System
• Established forts on the
Hudson Bay and waited
for the natives to come
to them and deliver furs.
• HBC was owned by many
groups of people; they
shared risk and profit.
Their main goal was
profit.
French System
• Using native guides they
explored further and
further inland searching
for new fur territory.
• Fur trade was owned by
the government and
colonization not profit
was most important. *
France’s Military Action
Taking military action against
the British
•
The French used military
means to try and take control
of the Hudson Bay during the
League of Augsburg and
Spanish Succession. The
French lost these wars and lost
all territories in the Hudson
bay giving full control to the
British.
•
The French were forced to
travel overland to continue in
the fur trade.
France’s Expansion Inland
 The French expanded west
and south into the Ohio and
Mississippi valleys down to the
golf of Mexico. Looking at the
map, what advantage did this
give the French in the fur
trade. (Groups of 2 – 3 mins)
France’s Expansion Inland (Pt.2)
• Established trading forts/ports inland, closer to the
Native people. The French came to the natives to
collect the furs, instead of the natives going to the
Europeans.
• The native people began taking their furs pelts to
the inland French forts rather than traveling long
distances to the Hudson Bay.
• British fur trade suffered – the HBC sent two fur
traders west (Alberta/Saskatchewan) to convince
the natives to trade with the Hudson bay, but failed
because it was easier for the natives to trade with
the French.
War of Spanish Succession
After the War of the Spanish
Succession (1702-13) the
treaty of Utrecht (1713) gave
Newfoundland and Acadia to
the British but the people
living in Acadia were French
speaking Catholics.
Different Points of View
English
Acadians
• Refused to take an Oath of
• They had never taken an
Allegiance
Oat of Allegiance in the
• Population was increasing
past 40 years.
dramatically
• They wanted to stay
• Were worried the Acadians
neutral
would turn against the
British
• Britain and France were
preparing for war with each
other – which side would the
Acadians go on?
Deportation of Acadians
The British asked the Acadians
again to take an Oath of
Allegiance to the British or they
would be deported. They
refused and the British began to
deport them from their lands.
They were taken to the 13
colonies and Louisiana. There
homes were burnt and their
property and land was
confiscated. Many people died
during the deportation.
Day 4:
Final Struggle for North America
1.
Seven Year War
2. British and French war
strategies.
3. British 3 pronged
attack on New France
Seven Year War
 The British deported the Acadians
because they knew war was
approaching with the French
(deportation-1755/ Seven Year War1756).
 This war had an enormous effect on
the history of N. America.
British & French Military Strategy
French
British
• The French kept most of
• The British wanted to
their soldiers in Europe
and few soldiers in N.
America.
• The French wanted to
defeat Britain in Europe.
• They thought a few
soldiers would be able to
defend New France
defeat the French in N.
America.
• They sent 7-8 times
more men than the
French.
• Planned to attack the
French on 3 fronts:
Louisbourg, the Ohio
Valley, and Quebec
Three Pronged Attack 1. The Capture of Louisbourg
(Summer of 1758)
•
•
The British needed to capture
Louisbourg in order to gain control of
the entrance to the St. Lawrence.
The British sent 200 battle ships and
the fortress was taken within 60 days
Three Pronged Attack 2.
The Capture of Ohio Valley
(Summer of 1758)
•
•
The French had many fur forts in the
Ohio valley and the British would
need to reduce their influence in this
region in order to gain control of N.
America.
The French were successful at
defending the Ohio Valley but with
the fall of Louisbourg British forces
were able to capture this region and
push the French back towards
Quebec.
Three Pronged Attack 3. The Capture of Quebec (Spring of
1759)
• Since the British captured
Louisbourg, Quebec was the centre
of French power in N. America.
• The fall of Quebec would mean the
end of French control in N. America.
• General James Wolfe sailed down
the St. Lawrence river while other
troops came overland from the
south.
• After three months of no success at
capturing Quebec, Wolfe decided to
cut off their supplies from the
North.
French Reaction – The Last Stand
In September 1759, the General
Montcalm (French General) learns that
British troops are poorly
organized and are in a vulnerable
position on Plains of Abraham.
The general had three options:
Keep his army in Quebec and wait for
an attack.
2. Send word to the rest of his army to
attack the British from behind.
3. Attack immediately, with the men he
had.
1.
French Reaction – The Last Stand
Battle of the Plains of Abraham
• Montcalm chose the 3rd option and
decided to attack the British soldiers
on the Plains of Abraham (an open
field).
• The British troops were used to this
style of battle (open area).
• The French troops were used to
fighting in the forest, not in open
fields – Guerilla Warfare.
• They French were disorganized and
lost the battle within an hour.
• Surviving soldiers retreated to the
city of Montreal.