Macromolecules
Many small organic compounds
•
•
•
•
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Large organic molecules
You are what you eat
Like a choo-choo train
POLYMERS
Chains of repeating units
Covalent bonds between monomers
Monomer
Dimer
Trimer
Polymer Synthesis dehydration synthesis
Condensation reaction
Joins monomers by “taking” H2O out
One monomer provides OH
The other monomer provides H
Together these form H2O
energy
& enzymes
requires
Let’s Eat!
“A glass of water
with your
meal?”
Reverse of Dehydration
Synthesis
H2O is split into H and OH
H & OH group attach
where the covalent bond
used to be
HYDROLYSIS
Carbohydrates
The Basics
• Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydrate
•C
H2O
• (CH2O)x
C6H12O6
• Function:
• Energy source
• energy storage
• Raw materials
• structural materials
• Monomer: (simple sugars)
What’s in a Name?
• Most names for sugars end in -ose
• Classified by number of carbons in the
ring
• 6C = hexose (glucose)
• 5C = pentose (fructose, ribose)
• 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
Functional Groups
Get familiar with these
carbonyl
aldehyde
ketone
hydroxyl
Oh, that’s a hydroxyl
Sugar structure
5C & 6C sugars form rings in aqueous solutions
Carbons are numbered
Number those carbons
C 6'
5' C
O
4' C
C1'
C3'
C2'
Monosaccharides
• simple 1 monomer sugars
glucose
Disaccharides
• 2 monomers
sucrose
Polysaccharides
• large polymers
starch
Simple to Complex
Building Disaccharides
monosaccharides
|
glucose
|
glucose
Dehydration synthesis
disaccharide
|
maltose
glycosidic linkage
Polysaccharides
Polymers of sugars
• costs little energy to build
• easily reversible = release energy
Function:
Energy storage
• starch (plants)
• glycogen (animals)
Building materials = structure
• cellulose (plants)
• chitin (arthropods & fungi)
Branched vs linear polysaccharides
Polysaccharide diversity
Stereoisomers
Eat This!
Cellulose
Can’t miss it!
Which food will get into your
blood more quickly?
Glycemic Index
•apple
apple
36
Measure of how rapidly
food will cause blood
•rice
ricecakes
cakes
82
glucose to increase.
84
•corn
cornflakes
flakes
72
•bagel
bagel
•peanut
peanutM&M
M&M 33