Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
Royal School of Mines
T H Huxley School of Environment, Earth Science & Eng
Field work at Northern Italian
Landfill
Sameh Ahmed
1
Samples at one Penetration
point
2
3
4
5
Container for saving the samples
At the end, instrument cleaning
and protection
6
Purging and Samples from
water well
7
8
9
Multivariate Results
Na
Cl
Br
EC
HCO3
Ca
Mg
Li
K
NH4
F
NO2
Temp
S
pH
Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3
0.9059 0.1757 -0.2667 0.9293 0.5681 -0.2961 0.5074 0.0171
0.0537
0.8870
0.2713
-0.2745
0.7929
0.2960
-0.2674
0.6853
-0.1931
0.0118
0.8843
0.3099
-0.2858
0.9041
0.7648
-0.4555
0.5238
0.2993
-0.0404
0.8814
0.3315
-0.2084
0.9626
0.7088
-0.4125
0.5365
0.1639
-0.0307
0.7809
0.4224
-0.0968
0.9615
0.7109
-0.3942
0.5052
0.1505
0.0061
0.6365
0.6507
-0.2408
0.5157
0.7424
-0.2994
0.0901
0.5310
0.0358
0.5595
0.7077
-0.2644
0.7075
0.9427
-0.4267
0.7075
0.9427
-0.4267
0.4807
0.7319
-0.1123
0.3218
0.1415
-0.0703
0.0946
-0.0610
-0.0992
0.3633
0.6751
-0.1556
0.7513
0.8836
-0.2907
0.2120
0.5235
0.1197
0.0419
0.8381
-0.1636
0.2806
0.8468
-0.4201 -0.1843
0.7964
-0.0827
-0.1039 -0.0470
0.0945
-0.1797 -0.1391
0.0824
-0.2122
0.0097
0.0503
-0.1496 -0.1689
0.5107
-0.3659 -0.2996
0.8191
0.0228
0.0666
0.6569
-0.2182 -0.1008
0.4249
-0.3921 -0.2956
0.3956
-0.0994 -0.0423
0.0736
-0.3316 -0.3036
0.2345
-0.4499 -0.5171
0.7497
-0.0127 -0.1367
0.6186
-0.4257 -0.1958
0.6925
-0.5646 -0.4686
0.4520
-0.0790 -0.0300
0.1628
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Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Na
NH4
pH
Cl
Li
NO2
Br
Mg
Temp
EC
Ca
HCO3
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Interpretation
• There is quite good link between the salt
(Na, Cl, Br) and the carbonates in solution
(HCO3) which agrees with the conductivity
that is controlled by the same factor. The
cations are grouped together in the
second factor.
• The good relationship (correlation)
between these two factors most probably
has to do with the fact that positive and
negative ions have to be in equilibrium in
the solution.
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