Water
http://pennsylvania.sierraclub.org/PA_Chapter_2008/water.html
Hydrogen bonding
http://www.4optimallife.com/Water-Ionizers-Alkalizers-Science.html
http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM107/Water/WaterQuiz.html
Hydrogen bonding
Hydration/Solvent
Water is quite sticky
Surface Tension
http://www.4optimallife.com/Water-Ionizers-Alkalizers-Science.html
http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM107/Water/WaterQuiz.html
Hydrogen bonding
Ice, lower density
1. Relatively High Boiling Temp
2. High Heat of Vaporization
Icebergs
http://www.travelblog.org/Photos/123172.html
http://www.4optimallife.com/Water-Ionizers-Alkalizers-Science.html
http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM107/Water/WaterQuiz.html
Hydrogen bonding
DNA stands
http://www.answers.com/topic/dna
https://eapbiofield.wikispaces.com/file/view/05_21cProteinStructure-L.jpg
http://cheetah.biochem.utah.edu/biochem.html
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides
Aldose
Ketose
Monosaccharides
Benedicts Solution (Test for reducing sugars)
100 g of Sodium carbonate, 173 g of Sodium citrate and 17.3 g of Copper(II) sulfate
Monosaccharides
alpha and beta forms
Most linkages between monosaccharides are via the alpha form.
Disaccharides
Trehalose: Found in insect ‘blood’, has good antifreeze properties.
What is Honey made of?
Disaccharides
Which of these is reducing and which is not?
Polysaccharides
Three main polysaccharides of interest include:
1. ?
2. ?
3.?
Glycogen and Starch
Very similar but Glycogen is much more branched than starch.
Both are polymers of glucose
alpha
Glycogen
Glycogen: Stored in liver and muscle
You can last 8-12 hr on your glycogen reserves
if at rest, or you can run a 20 mile marathon.
Glycogen
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glycogen_structure.png
Starch
Starch: similar to glycogen but less branched,
therefore not as soluble as glycogen.
Energy storage in plants, important source
of glucose for humans.
Cellulose
Cellulose: Very little branching, fibrous.
Units are linked by beta(1-4) bonds. We don’t
have enzymes to break these bonds.
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/LAD/C4c/C4c_polysaccharides.html
Lipids
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/feb/04/fat-lard-comeback
Structure of Fat
Fatty Acids
Saturated
Un-saturated
http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc462/462a/NOTES/LIPIDS/Lipids.html
Fatty Acids
Star = essential to diet
Phospholipids
Steroids
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/lipids-cholesterol.html
Great Variety of Functions
Membranes
Amino Acids
There are 20 common and naturally occurring amino acids
http://iweb.langara.bc.ca/biology/mario/Assets/aminoAcidStruc.jpg
Amino Acids
1.Non-Polar Aliphatic
2.Polar, uncharged
3.Polar, negatively charged
4.Polar, positively charged
5.Aromatic
Amino Acids: Non-Polar
=essential
Amino Acids: Aromatic
Amino Acids: Polar, non-charged
Amino Acids: Polar, negatively-charged
Amino Acids: Polar, positively-charged
Peptide Bond
Condensation Reaction
Polypeptide Chains
The peptide bond itself is quite rigid and forms
a planer structure. Bonds on either side can
rotate.
http://employees.csbsju.edu/HJAKUBOWSKI/classes/ch331/protstructure/phipsi.gif
Protein Structure
Lehninger, 2006
Secondary Structure: alpha Helix
Side groups point out, the helix is not actually hollow. Held together
by interchain hydrogen bonds betweem NH and CO residues.
Lehninger, 2006
Keratin: Hair, Nails, Wool, Horns
Collagen: Triple Helix
Collagen is the main protein of
connective tissue in animals and
the most abundant protein in
mammals.
Supports tissues and cells from the
outside.
Nose and ears lobes are made of
collagen. Major component of
tendons, ligaments etc.
beta-pleated sheet
Global Proteins
Global Proteins
Global Proteins
Global Proteins
beta-barrel:
1. Transmembrane proteins
2. Proteins that glow (GFP)
3. Porins (Membrane pores)
4. Chamber for transporting hydrophobic molecules