Welcome to
INTERNATIONAL
ACCOUNTING
Abdullah Taman, S.E., M.Si., Akuntan
Prodi Akuntansi, FISE
Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
Terminology:
International Accounting (IA) is
accounting for (1) international
transactions, (2) comparisons of
accounting priciples in different countries,
(3) harmonization of diverse accounting
standards worldwide, and (4) accounting
information for the management and
control of global operation.
Importance International Acc
Alasan utama untuk mempelajari IA adalah
untuk mengembangkan kompetensi dalam
pengumpulan dan pemrosesan data dari
aktivitas dan kejadian ekonomis, dan
penyiapan laporan keuangan sehingga
informasi itu berguna untuk dikomunikasikan
kpd decision makers.
Informasi yang paling berkualitas di mata
mereka adalah relevant dan reliable. (What
are they?)
Importance..... (cont’d)
Since the environments in which an
economic entity operates are dynamic,
the accounting profession must be
current to remain useful. Only then can
it satisfy the information needs of
decision makers in ever-changing
business environments
Era Ekonomi Global
Bebrapa contoh “blok” perdagangan: NAFTA, EU,
WTO, AFTA etc.
Peningkatan perdag int’l, pergerakan barang dan
jasa, dan financial resource worldwide,
meningkatkan efisiensi alokasi dan penggunaan
resources tsb.
tiap-tiap negara specialize in
producing the products that it can generate
efficiently, and it exchanges what it produces for
the products that are produced more efficiently in
other countries.
Era Ekonomi Global (cont’d)
1.
2.
International Business
Bisnis dan perdagangan int’l telah
melebihi batas-batas negara.
Pertumbhn-nya sangat cepat
Accelerating Factors
Standarisasi produk dan proses,
kemajuan tekn, pembangunan
infrastruktur, reformasi ek., dan
privatization of public sector enterprises
Era Ekonomi Global (cont’d)
3. Dependencies on International Trade
80% penjualan Coca-Cola dan 70%
Gillette berasal dari int’l trade (hal
yang sama terjadi pada Renault,
Bayer, dan ICI)
Reasons for Going International
1.
Theory of Comparative Advantage
Country should produce only those products that it can
produce efficiently.
2.
Product Cycle Theory
Exporting is typically the entry point in international
trade for most firms
3.
Imperfect Market Theory
Imperfect market
faktor produksi immobile.
Because market for the various resources used in
production are “imperfect”, firms capitalize on a foreign
countries resources.
Reasons for Going International
4. Technology Transfers
A company may be willing to share advanced
technology with companies or governments in other
parts of the world to gain access to their markets.
5. Preserving Strategic Position
Buying companies in other countries is increasingly
becoming preferred tactic employed to maintain
strategic position.
Types of Int’l Involvement
1. Int’l Companies – Exporters
Perusahaan yang mengexport produknya ke luar
negeri diklasifikasikan sbg perusahaan internasional
2. Strategic Alliances
Perusahaan berkolaborasi dengan perusahaan di luar
negeri to share rights and responsibilities as well as
revenue and expense
3. Multinational Corporation
Perusahaan menjadi multinasional karena visi
globalnya. A company that considers the globe as a
single marketplace is a multinational corporation
(MNC)
IA – Conceptual and Operational Issues
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Challenge Facing Int’l Acc
Cultural Dimension
Understanding the Cross-Functional
Linkages
Financial Analysis and Comparability
Global Information System Development
Challenge Facing Int’l Acc
•
Operasional MNC secara global sudah sangat
luas, termasuk pengembangan produk (McD,
KFC dengan nasi), manufacturing, marketing,
and distribution.
• Global capital market memberikan kesempatan
untuk investors dan borrowers to engage in
financing activities worldwide. Technology
advancements and deregulation now enable
investors and borrowers to engage in financial
transaction on a real-time basis in int’l capital
market.
Cultural Dimension
•
An understanding of different cultures,
cultural sensitivity, and appreciation of
cultural diversity is now required to be a
successful professional including
accountants.
Understanding the Cross-Functional
Linkages
•
It is no longer enough to be proficient merely
in accounting technique, procedure, and
application of standard. The real value of
accounting is in providing information that
deals with how various courses of actions
affect all parts of a business that are
interdependent and increasingly in different
parts of the world. This is beyond the
traditional role of accountants and involves
many “soft” areas where judgment has as
much of a role to play as the numbers
Financial Analysis and
Comparability
Ada tiga problem yang muncul:
• Accounting transactions are measured
and reported differently in different
countries
• Business culture and business practices
vary from country to country
• Terminology is a problem for accounting
throughout the world.
Global Information System
Development
•
Operasi worldwide menuntut sistem
informasi global. Sistem itu harus
memenuhi kebutuhan manajer di bidang
strategic planning, short-term planning,
organizing, controlling, decision making,
and financial reporting. Perhaps the most
difficult of all factors is the varying level of
uncertainty across the globe.