PENGANTAR LAPORAN KEUANGAN KONSOLIDASI
AN INTRODUCTION TO CONSOLIDATED
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
Bab ini akan membahas latar belakang pentingnya pengertian
consolidated F/S dan prosedur proses penyusunannya. Parent
company dianggap menggunakan metode purchase dalam transaksi
penggabungan dan metode ekuitas untuk investasinya, kecuali
disebutkan dengan metode pooling of interest.
BUSINESS CONSOLIDATION CONSUMMATED THROUGH
STOCK ACQUISITION
Konsep akuntansi business combination melalui akuisisi saham
dijelaskan dalam APB No. 16 : “Combinations in which one or
more companies become subsidiaries of a common parent
corporation. A Corporation becomes a subsidiary when another
corporation acquires a controlling interest in its outstanding voting
stock. Ordinary, a controlling interest in another corporation is
obtained directly by acquiring a majority (over 50%) of its voting
stock”
Transaksi business combination berlaku hanya sekali saja yaitu pada
saat pertama kami suatu perusahaan menguasai saham suara
perusahaan lain, transaksi tambahan berikutnya untuk menambah
persentase kepemilikan / investasi
(purchase of additional
subsidiary shares) bukan merupakan B/C dan dihitung dengan
metode purchase.
Suatu B/C menciptakan dua buah perusahaan yang sebelumnya
terpisah menjadi dibawah pengendalian dari a single management
team (the officers dan directors of the parent company) meskipun
kedua perusahaan tetap mempertahankan kesatuan hukum yang
terpisah (separate legal entities)
Suatu investasi dalam voting stock menciptakan hubungan Parent –
Subsidiary. The purchasing entity (parent company) dan the entity
acquired (subsidiary) tetap melanjutkan fungsi entity yang terpisah
dan catatan akuntansi yang terpisah dari sudut hukum (separate
legal basis)
Financial statements (F/S) untuk combined entity disusun dengan
mengkonversikan laporan induk dan anak yang terpisah menjadi
consolidated F/S. Consolidated F/S dilaporkan kepada stockholders
and creditors of the parent company dan kepada other interested
parties.
The Parent – Subsidiary Relationship :
Suatu perusahaan yang memiliki 50% lebih voting stock perusahaan
lain dapat mengendalikan perusahaan tersebut melalui stock
ownership dan parent – subsidiary relationship tercipta diantara 2
perusahaan. Hubungan kedua perusahaan diatas dikatakan sebagai
perusahaan yang berafiliasi.
Meskipun secara hukum merupakan unit organisasi yang terpisah
(separate legal entities) namun menurut kenyataannya merupakan
one economic entity.
Paragrap pembukaan dari ARB No. 51 memberikan definisi untuk
Consolidated Financial Statements sbb :
“the purpose of consolidated statements is to present, primary for
the benefit of stockholders and creditors of the parent company, the
results of operations and the financial position of a parent company
and its subsidiaries essentially as if the group were a single
company with one or more branches or divisions”
Consolidation Policy :
Consolidated F/S memberikan informasi yang layak atas financial
position dan result of operations dari suatu Grup perusahaan yang
2
ber-afiliasi. Syarat utama untuk konsolidasi adalah kepemilikan
diatas 50% dari voting stock perusahaan anak.
Pengecualian untuk “consolidation of all majority – owned
subsidiary” menurut FASB No. 54 diberlakukan dalam kondisi :
1. Where control is likely to be temporary
2. Where control does not rest with the majority owner (subsidiary
is in legal re-organization, or in bankruptcy, etc)
Parent & Subsidiary With Different Fiscal Periods :
Apabila terdapat perbedaan periode fiskal antara parent &
subsidiary, maka consolidated statement disusun sesuai periode
akhir parent.
CONSOLIDATED
ACQUISITION
BALANCE
SHEET
AT
DATE
OF
Consolidated entity tidak membutuhkan transaksi jurnal dan buku
besar, hanya dibuat pada akhir periode sesuai dengan kebutuhan
perusahaan. Kertas kerja konsolidasi dilakukan jurnal &
penghitungan sbb :
1. Reciprocal accounts are eliminated in the process of
consolidation
2. Only Non reciprocal accounts are combined
Contoh :
a. Parent Acquires 100% of Subsidiary At Book Value : PT. Pinisi
mengakuisisi 100% saham PT. Segar dengan nilai akuisisi
40.000. Akuisisi dilakukan dengan metode purchase (BV = FV).
b. Parent Acquires 100% of Subsidiary – With Goodwill : PT.
Permata membeli 100% saham PT. Intan dengan harga 50.000
nilai buku stockholders’ equity PT. Intan = nilai wajar. Excess
cost over book value 10.000 (50.000 – 40.000)
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Separate Balance Sheet
PT. Pinisi
PT. Segar
Assets
Current assets :
- Cash
- Other current assets
Total current assets
Plant assets :
Less accumulated depreciation
Total plant assets
Investment in PT. Segar – 100%
Total assets
Liabilities & Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities :
- Accounts payable
- Other current liabilities
Total current liabilities
Stockholders’ Equity :
- Capital stock
- Retained earnings
Total stockholders’ equity
Total Liabilities & SHE
Consolidated
Balance Sheet
20.000
45.000
65.000
75.000
(15.000)
60.000
40.000
165.000
10.000
15.000
25.000
45.000
(5.000)
40.000
65.000
30.000
60.000
90.000
120.000
(20.000)
100.000
190.000
20.000
25.000
45.000
15.000
10.000
25.000
35.000
35.000
70.000
100.000
20.000
120.000
165.000
30.000
10.000
40.000
65.000
100.000
20.000
120.000
190.000
Book value = fair value
Cash
Other current assets
Plant assets
Accumulated depreciation
Investment in Intan
Goodwill
Total assets
Accounts payable
Other current liabilities
Capital stock – Permata
Retained earnings-Permata
Capital stock – Intan
Retained earnings – Intan
Total Liab. & SHE
PT.
Permata
10.000
45.000
75.000
15.000
50.000
165.000
20.000
25.000
100.000
20.000
165.000
PT.
Adjustments & El. Consolidated
Intan
B/S
Debits
Credits
10.000
20.000
15.000
60.000
45.000
120.000
5.000
20.000
a. 50.000
- a. 10.000
10.000
65.000
190.000
15.000
35.000
10.000
35.000
100.000
20.000
30.000 a. 30.000
10.000 a. 10.000
65.000
190.000
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b. Parent Acquires 90% of Subsidiary – With Goodwill : PT.
Permata mengakuisisi 90% saham PT. Intan dengan harga 50.000
excess investment cost over book value 14.000 (50.000 – 36.000)
PT. Permata & Subsidiary
Consolidated Balance Sheet Working Papers
January 1, 2003
PT.
PT.
Adjustments & El. Consolidated
Permata
Intan
B/S
Debits
Credits
Cash
10.000
10.000
20.000
Other current assets
45.000
15.000
60.000
Plant assets
75.000
45.000
120.000
Accumulated depreciation
15.000
5.000
20.000
Investment in Intan
50.000
c. 50.000
Goodwill
- b. 14.000
14.000
Total assets
165.000
65.000
194.000
Accounts payable
20.000
15.000
35.000
Other current liabilities
25.000
10.000
35.000
Capital stock – Permata
100.000
100.000
Retained earnings-Permata
20.000
20.000
b.
30.000
Capital stock – Intan
30.000
a.
10.000
Retained earnings – Intan
10.000
Total Liab. & SHE
165.000
65.000
a.
4.000
4.000
Minority interest (10% * 40.000)
Total liabilities & SHE
194.000
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AFTER ACQUISITION
Setelah diakuisisi, maka baik induk maupun anak tetap melanjutkan
kegiatan operasi masing-masing, kegiatan tersebut akan mengubah
saldo sebelumnya terutama yang berkaitan dengan reciprocal
accounts sbb :
- Investment in subsidiary
- Stockholders’ equity subsidiary
- Intercompany account
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ALLOCATION OF EXCESS TO IDENTIFIABLE NET ASSETS
& GOODWILL
Contoh :
(lihat Buku Beams Chapter 3 p59-75)
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