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f rrviranmental
Psychology
Human Responses
1 he pizrpw elf t h ~ b~ h d p 1%r ti, p r t w t t 4 tl~crrwtgh
'wmcment ot cnutroninent,rI psychoitrgy ~c .I wt' to
undcr\tmcI rtrlatritnship bt.twc.cn
and n't~ural
I m c t ' r ~ d pJ
~ I, I ~fu ~ C I C ribr hob ti&, h t w t It*cigmr IN
appllcd to n a t u ~ dreuwrcr nzanagenlrnt. L.nvirrmn~cntai
prvchdog~wet c l w f t ' tlon individuA p r u m c ,
r \ p e ~14-tlard u d t r c w i n c m i ~ i g16) r h e~m wnmrnl. In p,rt t .
11 crmrtitutl-?,a Immh c r t uwal p%\chillopthat s t u d ~ ~ ~ c
r ~ n h i d t r d bl d l d t IrJr c w k r f ~ f r t din it5 hrgc.-s~dcwed dnd
rrtritrpia~lrontzul, .I+ wt4 ,ts .irtl\r4\ Jdinmg ,mi grs ~rtg
and Relationshrps to
Natural landscapes
Baniel R. Williams
in&$ rdtd ;~t.thc ura~ttd iirtdlv~sm d its torus on mcnM
~ t r t lbel~avitrrdrri;ptrusc.5 ti) erlvirc~nntentalrtwr~ul~
ns rts
suhrtw mattcr. !$'hat ci~stirlguish~.s
rtlv ~ r t ~ i ~ n w n ~ a l
ps)l'hlcrg? front 1nB11~cttlicr psvcl~oicrglr~
( m d rndkes t t
p ~ t ~ i u l . t r relcvmt
l\
to natural resrtt~rcemanagement I is
that ~t ldhf$ .I b r d rpprruR t o iuncrptuahjring both
tttc so~rtruirIw,,! r g ~ n ~ l u d
Isrgr-xsle
z
cklxvrrutkr?lcrltsIand
drad welt b ~ m g f11 cxdrnple, ciuw-responw tnodcl w.i$ uscd to cxplam rhr inijrdct
t r i a~rcrafrn o l x on wtlJernm cxpermce\ t Trlrrw, H Q ~&
S hk~nfrcdo,i Y Y 5 1
The s t r w paradigm 1s tlw a rtrrmmant h m e in the crowdt~~g,
cc)~tfltct,atld
soc~alcarrying.rapacity literature, in whish ihc stressor stirnull arc other pmpte
mi2/r1r tlrcir khnviors ( M i l k & blcthnl, 113t13; V d r & Ihnl.relly, ?W2t. trwn ths
crres perspectivr, trcudocw recrct,&w has bccn < t u d ~ r as
d b t ~ ha context wrthm
$%hi&yruplt. find opportunltier to cope w ~ t hd d y streswrs \b.,ai\\nun, 197Ur, a\
wll ,I CUIIICXI 11) ivhlctt prwplc mu%tadapr ro strecmn in the rlutdorrr texrritwn
rnwronnlrnt ( h t ' a ~ k rL(r Schnetdcr, 2003 1,
br1~crethe concept ut r t r m pnrtrass "the perstrti 4% struggling .tyrnst thc
cn~imnmcrztto nr.imiarn hcalrh and wll hemg" (Sargert %r \Vinkel, 1940,p. 4501,
the thjrd area nf research w1t11it.t~ I I Padaptive ~ d r d d l g mintolve5 the lmtural
tnvirunmcnt as ha kin^ an intrins~ccapacity to prurrxatc. healing dncd mental
rcsrurdtion I Kaplm 8i kaplan, 1989; Kdlert 8; Wiiron, 15193 ). f i z ~ n r d ~ n glzimn,m
l~,
rtzrptsnse%tn the en\wnnnwnt arc better dd'iptrd 10 ~ ~ ~ ( ustlmull,
r a l and rhcretnte
eqwsurt- !I>nature promotes w d l herng dnd aflrrtd%an oppi)rtun~tyftr T C W V ~ T
l t o ~sit r~c b 3 I ilull & hii~ttdels,l W 5 1
bolh~winpthe rrcttwdt~cmthrws, rhr d t h p t ~i!cw
~ ~ ' !id\ t w n w\r 1111~uen11al
tn
mcdciing si:ithct~rprclcrcnccs f o r Landcrape teaturrr Xluch ~f thc rrcscmh <In
1 . 1 1 ~ d ~par rpi e r e t r ~15~prcrnihcd on innate Imli)gical P X $ I ~ I , I ~ ~ OI IUlrtcla,
~~
IWi;
lilrlch, Simr~ns,I ovlr,, t-iorito, hlilz & LLclsur~,1W1 1. Aesthetic ~nc~ifeh
appr
!dp Inqwtdnt meaning5 nf the l a n d w a p w ~ ~anrrdcrdtrlr
h
rslidbility, ~cfnb~tivity
t ~ l di r m t m t r r ~ d i t ) I 1)dnk.l & \'mtrag, t YXJ I Rewarch mppoffs thnt rcdwrit
re.ipo1ict.c can hr \ t ~ f f i Ii L W ~ ~ d i t e dIrcm &cr mwntngs ot the landsapt. lo
wdrrant 5onw anempt tr, in~mtcwsthem i urther, a i ~ t h e t rt \~prs o f incanrigs xc
tasqghlc t i t z that t f q can bc 1napptt.4untv thc I~ndsit?peuc~ngtcu nl,~!,
pvchoyhvstial and p y ~hnlog~c,rl
.
~ I ~ e u tit
r wa ~ c t r brsur,
i~
), crnot~rmsll~
pttrrlt. ,inif
pwsidt. a c t r n m u n ~ n c \l d u d hat15 tor ~ t d t u JI
r ros~~~
t ir~~b t~:~ $ ~ ~ t ~ - r t ~ d k i t ~ g .
c lvrr,\ll, rhc , d ~ p t ~p\ dt r d ~ g ~ itbi p~rticuldrlyr e l ~ \ m th c i c m ~i t ~i ~ c w &-) i t~ ~
hlphlt cdlued i m t c c ~ %e I~K ~,I\ hc'dlth d m 1 ~ r c ' l ilwtrlg, dlt ut~clcr\taldtngat tht
i t ~ ~ n p t r l d rct r~ the
t
ern lrrmrntlnt ~ ~ f ut n h
dm~~m
htri~idkt
l
net.&, ,and tits rcdl and
p s r m t d ivrrtrc~lr t ~ ~ l i d ~ t i ~l or rt tr bf i r i ~ n t iryvnp
.
c ' L w ~ t r ti
t h'rniczl, 1 ~ W II
time\cr, tat t r r a t q the l ~ r c r x nd i '3 b~cdt*g~cd
,311d j ~ ~ ' a ~ 1 1 ~irlcln
d ~ ~d gu dt ~, ,rnd
~ I the
ma\ trrmnlerlt A*. naturdt) gfirn, r[uches f t i l h ~ n g
thc ~il;lprnc p,#r~dzgtnkd lo phtc
IIICII h f . 1 it1 the ldrgct ~cmtrutr d ptrlittcnl. s t j t ~ dand cLononnc Li~!ort,t h a ~
7'fw ~ & ~ r ~ n Wut
i t j fi:rc l bid f hrcckd !*i~rgr~drg?ti
M'hat S;tcgert and Wirbkt I I M l r r'cfcr t t 4s
~ tfw oppcirri-rlrltj ,trm trrrt. t)r pd-timimil
p,irddigrn i 5 perhaps r h ~ most
.
M . I & ~ Y appl~ctfenvirtmmrntnf ps!~hofugjq p r c w h 111
natiurdl remtrcr" rlrarupctnent. It cernstitutcs thc psy&r,logml eqiwalcnt of rhe
con~ntt>dite
paradigm th'il hd5 ht~tttrrtnll)gu~dtdwwurcc rrwndgslncnt In
ccmtr,ist tcl the acl~ptrvcpdraclrgm, human\ ~3rrcieiscct -1% r4itrrmal &tisrrw-rt~,iI,cr~~
rarhsv r h ~ ttir q w r ~ d s ~t ~c rbitrhgirrt
~s
tmpcr,ttitc~ En.~ph~sts
zs piien t o hob p q d e
Issuer for the Future
-
cumplcx scrrial and biological system5 invdves not just a more i n c l u s i ~ ~
References
I., Lt.; [mtu 5 41. [ Fhis,
1, ( I W?1. I i r t n m Iwfiavrrtr r t d rrrrwivrvrrttrr; Arhwtrirzl zrr
rizwry r m l rilsirari-h, ih1. 1,". N m Mwk: Pientm &or.
Atntdn,
.Itillel; I A., & hftl:uol, 5, b. i2003f, C oping wtth stress In rrutdoor rtwratrnraal w t t u ~ g .
An a p p k t t n m d transdctinnai srtas theorv. Lct,rrw ~ t w i c 325,
~ , 247-176.
httlchdi, hl. Y., t-urcc 1, E., I : a r d , hl. S., W htcl ,1ugh11t;,h.I. ( IW3) h i r c ~ tplat?, c r f
thr hrart: Innu pordtmg s p t i d pfd~cs1nt0 public ~ ~ 1 n a g ~ n i ~ki~it~lid
1 1 I . of
hm7sir[: l ( 4 I, 32 47,
Pdtcrwn, hi. E., K I\'dliams, I). K. I 1 W X ) . P x I t ( l q ~ JIMI
i ynrl*icma: 1 hc pra~tii*t ~ t
acri iid s~isnrcon natural rcscturie m.tnagemen!. Cud trft) rrtrci Nottcrd Kr*>ot~rit>,I 1.
279 29-5,
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o,fI.art.srn: 9 0 , B - 40.
ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
t'dskt', J. J., & Dmnelly, h4. l? (20021. Generalizing the encnrm~r-norm-cmm\vding
relatiorlship. Lciurrr Sorrrm, 24,255-270,
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oflxb~m
Rtzsearrh,3 4 , X 1-367.