TNTRODUqNON
'.
l' 'p..@!l d6d d dttl,n&',
Tte ,ffi d only b. srL nG pcodedv. bt irig.tion, lndsibi@ r oridiSrtid
mtd vitlout dy IMag@t h$ @Ed .dinity Fobld .| ldt Pla6, Cdi.qm$/,
s.liniq La b€6tu . ihr.t b food 3upply, Aldbueh thcE i, cll@dt M dough for
-{ppro:jdely L,tf of tb. ood.l! l,!d ru6e
clE@icrly
uddor4hcd
(Conerr, 199?. GrceL of tL.
hl)M populdin
by
5el., &oD
bilid by 2050, @ lhlt @p prcductioo 6Nt i.lfu if
food wEtt to @!84 6p.@lt for rhoG v[o liy. on .bod t I pd &, Gni N'liU.dir
Ndtio., 2000). U.toMelt, r rdog IEI rith elltd@ thrm ! iFhrn6
qrdim @ tlc seilrbilit of ui.g iEi8rdon b io.rw 6od Ploddid dd n bd
hcl
ctcei@ (Shdnon dd NobL, lgrq Fl.@ od Y6, 19t lhlt d. Fi@!y
'+u.d
dE of ;r;ng 6. et br.F€ of dop. *i[ b. 6 i!. sbid$nr or jriSrrid Gid
d. @ br *rid 6od p&&ciod vil hrG b b. inda*4 n @ @bL b
prqlid tlt -r^-gi-g th. .L ooldleot @F vil h. o irydud sld of p!!t br.diDg
in d.6dr., irgb6.l fo.d p6dfh ir ro b.
-tnFt.d 0:kd.!12004).
6.16 id
in bid
-,ml
to 93
P.tisb bs . bbl Lld .F of 80 EiUio! hee. Dud'g th. Fiod 6m
19?0/71 6 200?/03, tn oftiht d € ilcg&d &oo 16.62 oiuid b. b 2351 oiUion
dtu, eith o d!.l BFwth rE 040,9 p.!@t Duin8 .h. s.4 pdi.d thc popnLdd
id@s.d Gd 65 bilion b 160.9 diUroa r.gndi.g r 96*$ of 3.0 p.@t F me
In cds.qMe d€ pd dF,i! lnd.Eilbility &6aEd &@ 0.25 hdtr4 ir 1970/7t b
0.r5 h.c@ i! 2007/08, iqith . pFj..t d @u,l gFwtL of 1,9 p@! thc popdrl[ wiU
bc
@u.d
190
Eiuio! by th. yd! m15 F.<Lrt busu .dirticJ,
20OB).
Agd.deis tn b6i! of !.Lb6'r edmy,23 bilion he@ ir ued fot ce?
pbduction, About 18 biDlr b (80 p@!0 oi &. olivdt d lqd b nigrbd
e€
'Me
t@iodd s udc dry frmi!3. Thc c M principd .rp @
in ?.lbd .rn lt
"Kl{? , eidl 3din3 r"ti.#8 j! April .!d hd$ h.eeo O.6bd 6d D.@!d .!d
'T..bi" h.gi6i!e ir Ocb6.FDebq .n t Gddi.g in Apd Mry. Ric., sugt e!., odo4
2
@izc Ed oilkt
c rl{if
oo!.,
r|il. rh6t,
gEb,
b6€, Ep6..4 b.d.t dd oE!.d
Th. bt l d dop pFdu.ion in P.kilM ire..d 6@ r0 Ej|lion tu
in
1970/71 ro rb.ut 111 billio! b.@ ir 200?/0& T[n m.chid€d de 6 Echnolosicd
dmr.p66! i! Ends, sd NdLbility, .od Eltitia le NiE g6d 6drili6 ffi
i!6d!c.d i! Prlitrrd d 195q ph6ploru ..@ t6 Lu i! 1959/60, 6d !orr!i6
@ihE t.m ta' bE io 1966/6?, Fdila E srin d tud
.&r 1966/6?, vn@
hiSb ti.Llirr wnii- of @l @F @ ilbdE d Mcr tEnli'6 G u..d d ilisrrd
doF. ln !i.f.d |g E ir 3tI k9 Lry F.ndl bllgu sdidics, 2mq.
t"t- DEIERTIFICATION
D€diiqtid do€ st Ffq olry !o tL .-rn.id of qntlg ded bd n
ildud.r thc h.d d-4.r";{ i! di4 !@i{i4 od &r slEhuoid .g. r v.ll Vb@
i!. l@'rr!d r?-t.t-" ! of6 E[d.d b thc d..lic in ih. rilducirc op*iv of 6
di @ dr b p@ i..lr..d di.tr br hl|@ dieiy G.bsd .'d rtbo4 199a_
T!. p!@
*add8
b Lld d.gnddid & sdesly
In r4 noF
tbd
cNrn
i@ing
i.6.ni ad ao.d e@ th€ gloeile popdnio!, vlicb !eNl6 iq @6-cxploidtor of qlul
t!')@ vith little cdileatid for Mifiili.g suEi.,bililt of tL. @b.1,!!, Hu@
diviri6 !u.h G tL. jnftddir of l,tg.{aL idiq.do.! &6osbdd d d!.!c.d
ildsdirl gwdr Ld to wiou Lad d€r&rir ti-4.^, itsr;;g ;'".a.t, sil
r"-dtdo- tb@e! dinidioa ooodioS, dErgnt, .a.bt d dba rc-bgilg, d
lh4 p@ id M EdE "g;,L,*' ped,*dd9, I-d-g b sid ioEi9
'd
110
h.v. dlylaftls tlat
tdgS.Ed by
G
Fotcntirlb tbFded hy
rbFtcn d by d@d6.diod,
d.rdi6..tion: A&iq Asir dd I!ti! AlGio G &. lIEt
rLls @ rbii'l i..4 5i!id h!.dF of rhc dt!'3 l,!d ir&e ir rhs@.d bt
deni6dim, rnd lmr 25O miliod !cod. a {ticdy rftsrcd by deni6qrior 24 bjllim
bo of ftlirc rcih irGpp-r -ii-trt P6d. Iniig i!
6r d6.di6orin c
'@.nsb.d
foEd b @. clsdh@ b 6!d otld @ of lireliLood u.ldly tl.t risEb @rds
und r@ d Bo .!url lGs oiedbn i! r bid -i-'q '-e of d6dii6edoo (VMO/
lrNCCD, 2006). Fl@ 1999-20@ .1d., dbrgbb [lE hd -?@ti{! fo. oE 2$,000
dstt6; t!.t r6dEd fd 11% of t!. bbl sE-Elrred das6 0UCN, 2002)- F'@
1997 2020, rm 60 milion p<.pL & crp*r.<l b o@. to6 r!. d.cdi6d rFs h sub,
S.!.m1 Aflic. bvarrl NoriLd Afrd dd Eep. (WMO/IINCCD, 2006),
P*irh L r l,!d of diEit. Th. $@io.L-r e.tllrd 6!o @dl
bach6, l,gm dd @rg@ s.bp{ i. rll. sudr b sqty d..6, .L'ohE pLbut
diGr..l uphld i! th. bi.& . rrd hiBL @EbiB vi.[ haniin BILys,
sms-@d.d pals dd @.t gL.i$ ir ri. rcdL T[. pboL of Prli.b (qc.pr .
o,e bdt i! th. norb) L dia b !@i- eid 6d ba r lov. tuirb! rj!fllA6o!t 68/0 of
tbc popuLtiod li6 i! nr.l ,g, A8d.ulrrc ir th. Ingd md holr ihpotut #tu 6f
Prtndt {o!o-t It
'fu6 b. rlodt dctlird of the g@ dolgtic pFdc dd
8.!@ rbou. @ tb!n! oI Paknbt 6d ldsgn d.q-.g- abEF.
5dtilc phio.t .nd
Prlisb i3 !d d qceti@ b l{d ,.gE;^i- 'ft@ L . *;@ pobLd of
d6di6..tio! in @y p4 of th. @uE . Brfui (d.?ddiog @ ri!6f) l,!d5 e
3uljet d to hdq &n esio4 p'in";rl du. 6 ibpropc h.d e b, dop cultihlon,
livetock Cnzng ud iuced l@ond oivcScbrid @d. Dsd! i.v. .dt p&blcc of
sbifti4 @d dl@ 6d slidig. ftc ifigred rl$ n inr6&d vith rA. sj!-@
of
vac loBilg .!d slmt bde oa 6n6...g.oFr of SLjlfu t d Kloi
th@ i5
'@,
stbdbrid .Lb!8. b @F rid propag bt ILrh o.ods
G
6E @i!
pd.!s
of d.di6s|n)c vc8dti@ d.gh&tioo. *E
@3io4 .dd vild ftsioa saliriz.tt a od sil cmp.ctid. Sdjniz.tion it ou inr!6t s n
Tb@
LLL
Ir.diderid
wi.n
Ec@c b S.tiniry
D€.di6ddd 2nd slirirdo. lhodd b. otrdud.d ioilrty rnd eipbqn,
bdu sliliztion rd d6.ri6eri@ e oftd clo6ely F-Lt <L D*ni6adb dd
4
vi! [@ n.6
ru.6 an iEpropc polici.. dd l,!d us., @.rgrr,idg of thc dyit@i rd r n€sLq of
@n!.m.ior L Eqo thn b6i.L. dtud &ctu, *io.Mdic c.uo rlso dbibut !o
tlc sdild of botL p@G.
sIlir.ti@
c .'ciEd
nd odt eiA
M- oLi?ild .g
hut r&o
, pEeol6 sft --'*r;!o, qbin is @ of tb.
cf,ddiri: of tL..di!. eil Oa th. orld l,ia eloiation o|D r ditui.S of pLot
@o d tb. bil @&e, which n th. @ d. of rL. rdihld 6f dccnifiaion. Sud
c@lnid datly rLodrba tL€ ilEc.Ltioalbip b€dm thc eo prt]ffi Gabolq,
Dedi6d.bo,
e r
nn
r9t6).
d..di6qdd n. rdt p..il "rib9 bde r!. p66ldh{ Sl,t l
iEp.d dd wil @t b. bly.d 6ough. Blobrl .fiotr .!d .pp$cl, Ir bly Equis rh.
egetioo 6d suppd of d€ ddE globc to btiog .bd thc .(.ctiy. rcii@ th.t c
!..d.d toolr re$ M .!6 G inid of i!. Lnd u6e of th. voi4 i! ordd to
rc this $i.t}l i?-'6 rd i! i@iog Bh6.l ibp..r (C.tdy, 199r.
Coeb.tir8
-inr.d@ n d€ of d. dd d6di!..tid p!rq,
It (lv@ly |flac!
crcp pbdudid
rbour 3f/o ot .L. 145 bilioo hdo. oi idiS.ed Lltl n 6. d!rl,!dr of
'!
tL. vodil (DEg& 6d Chorr 1994.
S.n
-^
$il slioiurj.E e[.d dtl,ld eli,iq ad|)€ riJds h @pl$d.
dd NLnMi.l r.gid of AEd"lt, .---i., Tb,nrd dd US .nd
+cid hrd
i! tL. sdi lid
of
d. clis
$iL vL@ .!. r6!racc, guliq, quEtity 6d
oigtrir ofntE- ebbL lla c tt &@i@r 6tu of eil a6ing, s r.I6 of th.
PLtieL .br-r od rio'oaiat -il pto?6ri* S't r@eu!!tn i! . dl libi! ti.
dd.Iopldi of pLlt A..i.n didb, .!d ni@guis ic of tL. ddc bib !Ci.! tt
in@ of rtility 6. biodimiq dr di!.ppd (Sabolcs, 1996),
"sdt .fi.@d" d.6ns
of
a{o ot goii.. of LUM induccd ren d.ed&tioo proc*r c tdgnt.d th.
6Bt .L.L wir! d.g bdd 6r dieL@t oa rcn ddn4 p!ftiprly by lh. tu dd
vird T!. s4dd d..h ri! i!@rl $n d.dioatid suliiaS &06 reeinioa of
.!@id s!b6b!c.!, sh 6 &lb i@ of lutidb d thblgh pbFidt p@, n bdidC
pDlols.d qlr Lej.s G.bs.l ed rlbdl 1994.
dc$
.crriti6 G(od.!t diai9 eis
(ptiE ry slid1g) rnd s . elult of hl)@
rfi€crd though pdbary sali.it b@rc lo.d.d wi.h !,t6
b€w
eG
S2liriatioo
hotL
u66ib
opilldi.t b iL. $n !u!6e, tld.fc.ed by
acsil eiility t g6@l,V balr sli& .!rl it rcr 6ily qliE d Pliorl' diiig i*lud6
r.[.nr 64 @ h !.lr d6[.q eL lrb od nlr L]q in .@el E8i@,
irLrd
"d in
&n @dr of @irll
lid i.$@. S@d,!t aliliq of $il od ErE b du. @ r,6-.
'nd
rciivitiE dd t$ r ig"iF-{ isea.t on reil, vc8drio! rd qd @6.,,
of th.
s1||
t!:or@d
ir .
of t[€
ubrt .ldt
-k"-n-t .E Ni,
usErlr dt @( u
.lfut sd @6t
by
of FiL Ed
K.,
c.." Mg* ud
rnr
ffirl
d io
ud.
aL. i@, vhicl
e r.Aosit& fo!
1r* hthd @db6
?obl6. i.4..4 g]G slb r.quild i!
I pdicd{ pd
cl..
of h.<ln
of rtr lh. sr6
@r Lal.{i-l
ddid*ithin.6ddvbi!@
sdini9 n' oE of i!. bjor rbioti rtu6 tL.r.&@lt rlIar qop orodrdivity
od qulity. Thn s[ eluibo t6 .e.r4 dd dirc b .gi.t, .!. bld d eii.L @F
.&,
c
eig}t b.,
glM
Alddrgb
.n @@r
of eL.f&ced Lrd
(r!dr 9ooxlt'
h.)
ii
qrdt is s !.iit lo pdc . thFt b .eidle (F&Fd.!d y.o,
1995; Mluq 2002) .in . @t plznb, d.l cd.in!, @t @p pl,!B, will lot gw i! hiSb
ibrcikly
Lo@n n!
@a@etidr or lrlc o6ly h,loplrb6 (by d.foitid) gw in @dds
of sdie
dlod.L htld tld .bout .()0 brr[ A@ubrion of rlb rr rlc $il &68 n
.l-n,#!a ald lil ud 6;;i @ilMr, .+qir[,,n@ iEigdid n pei..d.
1l 6rni.g s h! Lft bchnn slns of rli 6orL in rlc &il pro6L dd in rhc
tat c()!m elrc oa etb i! loiL ie .@ibued to 6G Fsot @dn4
idtirid u@, 3l'dlow ub EbL dd of6 i'in;hint od .@irc u. of f.nilirc
dd tudM! rptli.d @ th. rpplicd 6 thc &il (R!@d.s ed Lwd.y. 1990). Soil ,lilig
it r o*e of tL. bbl rlllld of .oh,blc {t in s.,il ,{s rlidi9 krdr i!@!., pLd
tu lG !r. adt Cd dr r€Grntiog qF si6 culi!i@. Hiq! ron @ .Lo
eue neidr 6LL.d, BuL io.IE r@ldid of el@b d; !. pt !ts.!d edre
sE i.6ldd6 iI t[. Lvd or@ st .Ld.!t - Nr' i. bigb.
Th.
'rh. PlobLa of sd siirig is 6!thd ia@ing bde of rL e of p@ qu.lity
te for iEigliod dd pd i--.ea Vrc qulit tut h. sp6..d d ocly i! E@ of
plFiel 6id.giql ud .!@id tuir6L1 td .lo r@rd[g b qulit .bad.tils rld Ery
rccordbg
b e.
Th.E6otq
e..r.lErio. ofEe
qualit Bd4 d.6!irg q!,li9 cLss rc.arli!8
qudirt
Equis ih.
e ofa qa!
b rd€el didtr .!d rnbk!.
sE dbi6 r hitu of oorly @iog .116 srib iEiq.Ed wit!
tbn EE dll @nin . sibilr b; bu usudlt rt . hieha @did
tbo i! .!. rppti.d
r!6 T!. srd. b vli.h th. sla |euul! i! tL. $n v d.?ad upoo i[. Eigdid
qE qu.liry, iEig.tion @!.9@. ud rh. .dcquq of daieg., If !116 b@c s6ir.,
loss i! yi.!tsil 6Dlr Mdt wd u&d for i&g.ri@ is of g@d to.xcdLnt qu.tiry.ad i.
6lit ly to pE@t .ci,ou siniq @di!d Sdinig dbl lDeq.q b@s tuE
dilEorlt a Itrb qulity b@ p<E! Ar uc s.liriq io@6, gdc €E 66 b.
Et@ b ld.h sla ou or.!c @t 2@ bcfoE thd. .@uhrio. e!6. @dti4
ebic! bight rtft.t ti.!r ll@ir.ly, rEF dd b. &ld b pLd cnp. btdnt b 6.
sP€ad @. z@ &li!i+ The e.qEcy ot Lr.li.g d.?ait6 @ wc q!,liv dd th. @p
sdirivi9 b eliniry, PopJ'dm i!l@ in .si{dd rd did egid6 rd -r-ng6 in
Egiod cliat' h.v. ofb Ld ro dc8bd.dotr of |h. r'd ed r6.tim ro t!. .o!,!& of
cndx in d* rc8i@. T!. pobLb I r old s dnhzmr
IEiS.ri@
i@ gFrr! e
iacl*iag d@.d! for food ,na 6b€
dd vil @d!B b .Lo rc inb rh. @t @tury. M6t oa r[. inea-d rc€& r in
d€y.ropiq @urn , vhd ir b! ben .*ituhd r[it th. @oepd@ of ,opL food
ilctse.l abqt 2.5% mrdry thrcuehour 6c qt foq t.s Incr66 j! peddid Lv.l
Vodd po?d.doo .ad
7
Equic in@in8 ld€l of NPU rron *iltirg cspl,nd- !@o 197&1991, hovs€!
iad.t€d ra o.ty irces.d by 33 biui6 hGEs. (lvodd !dr]t., 194.
lil.!d @i-nd -.A"L"r. i! P.rid .!d rig$ of bci.g Gilcd- Tb.
tld of d.lgitt'& l,E+,c.i.g .!d o6cring of r[. dnql v.gdbd i3
rsBEEri.S th. dMd@. Th€ .[,rg. jn gdirlg pE ti6 b^ ?itbdlt Edxd m
io
'!4
r!. CLoli.d .L..n !o eql du!6. A@tdng b tu 6tib1b Il4 dE 6elo of rtE onDt
e@iig .l* of tL. .Mq tre pFd@i6 Lr.h ldd th,! tr thitd of rh.i. biol%icd
pobti.! Md .6d oGdiDd (45 oiuio. h6b6) of r!. @rr [s b@ &si!.d c
edd rLL of .l6di6otid (zir 6d ]|[.4 2006).
Th.
I! P.lirb4 didab4 is. dd prcbLo d iaig.ld L!d., It is fou.l borfi io
li8ht b 6odde &gt6, Edei"g @p yi.ld 6d i! sd@ d€gE. eains obpLtc
.b6d@t of a@rt pr.<lEdv€ irig.t d l,!d About 3 oinio! hel'G of idig.t d
bd is atu by !di!i.t/ $di.i.t rlsing &06 FtIt sliait b ddc slin sodiceik.It
d itloe 13.s % padi of bdl @p G (G@.@t of P.Iib!. 200q,
t2' V.Li
RdMB.!rt Lioidi@
EqLvrd E r+Ld dline th. ...6d hnf of th. two&tL @ot 6
p€prJ'tid tuE t66 do$led dd a GbnoLsidr {}s'lre Lt 6@ &d od6 mc
us6 pEP gl@dqF 6@ gqE d.pdr Dd .e.r ivd uG Ei.[ blE rd Lgq
Glo6d
1\. tobl v.td GouE id ibc rodd s dtitut d in &. drLc of 43750ld7ta,
dildbu&d lhslghdt thc wodd .c@!di!B b th. p.!.bvork of cliutc! dd phFiogbpbic
sllrl.i]G, At tL @dlmbl L*l A@ic. ha th€ l,!g€t *e of tb. mdd's 6nl
Acrqcr !E()|le sirL 45 p@q 6oloa.d br ltlirji.! 2, F@l EdoF ri.L 151
p@r dd l&i.r eitl 9 p@t h 6r oa @
F irhrlidt in s.! diMr,
,{'ci: h! 24 000 6'lrat, Eu6F
9 3o0
b'lta!
AGi..
5 000
e'/t*
dd
.|ir
3
440-l
rJtd.!
Lr
ben
1
eh
i.sE on th.
ilediod
.A.dr.
1972 - 2006r a!o6 Sro.LAold to Mcxico
6oi
i!. ]llt
30
vq:
!dr,a with UN c@ta!.o@ on th. Hll@
Enyio@t, Statilob\ 1972 (pG.ed6.dd Ft,-rd. orr[.
bUfu @itu _.)
ud follold br th. (tN l3t t F-..'rr Codfdqr d wG, ttc,
d.t ptd 197?
(A.F.-tof v& tt@ V&e dd.6.incr), vodd S@ir 68.rff'6
Nd
Yo*, 1990 (Itslr\ food $pFt ); Glol,, Coodbdd d S.f.
Vrd .!d glibri@ for rh.
, NsD.bi1990 (s.ft dli.riag hre, dviolrl@el saed@); uN Coo6dc.
d
ejrcmr rad Dd.lopMi , [TNCED E nL S@it, Rio d.
JdEitot I92 (C.@6rioo
qb
!$c,
@@.4, pdi.p.!o.. dtidbs qE .!d mibloa h* *;"
tueinbL d.vcbp@r, food p.od@i4 ctiD:b .!.ns.); hrdd6d,l
cdG@ d
v& ud rL Ead@q D.bli. ,19t (E@otuic ql,! oa sE, p@.q po,.iry,
Got"',S Mnic.4 uer diqeir .s:m), (N r!!.eri@,1
Cool@
PopuLtid
6.1D.r.lopMq
@
C.irc
.!d Milierdrl Cod.@ o.
Wr6 Suppry
dd EnvnolllMd Smihrioo" N@ldpijlg 1994!
oDddljls qte Npply,!d mi!.rid) .
UN Fourdr \qorrd CdtaMe @ V@.q D.iiiog l99s (cod.r
,
i!€u.1 s6 3Qpl, 6.1
-- FG), , Vodd Su&bn fc Sod,t D.Eloptu! c.p6hA.o, 195 (p@dt , qG
nppt ed @n1b!), vodd Food s@4 R@q r ( Foo4 Ldl4 9&
d.l
sibii@), ttN Conf@ d Hll@ S.rttu!
Grrbiu rD,lcb,!ut, 1996 (Ssbio.bh
[@ Ft].@6 dry.topnEr io { u6di,i!g vodd tb€ rsr !/odd !/tu Ftu
M.rr!*h. 199?. (!(/.tu {d @ibdo., Imrg@t of 3Ldd *r!d,,
[1@s
@sts6!, g.n Lr .guiq, €tEci@r w ot qd), ri. 2!d Vodd V@ !i)@ id T!.
Ddntd,g
rl,8ue 20m 0VrE for p.opL, qG fot foo4 lc ea quc hG
h
!oEd8ot, ie b.'!' tu.d*;{),
rn@donr Cdlc@ d F!..[s.E!
{Vid It
f,@
Bda
sEidbL dcy.tophat c@@@, hobilri4
eproty buddi!& .being tro*lfdg.), Wo,ld s!@n on Ssbin btc .lewclopMq
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