Hierarchy of Life
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
ATOMS
Smallest structural unit of matter
ELEMENTS
Groups of same atom
ELEMENTS BOND TO FORM
MOLECULES
COMPOUNDS
• NONMETALS/NONMETALS
• Covalent Bonds
• METAL/NONMETAL
• Ionic Bonds
GLUCOSE
WATER
ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES
PROTEINS
CARBOHYDRATES
STRUCTURE
ENERGY
AND
FUNCTION
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
STORED
ENERGY
STORE
COVERINGS
INFORMATION
EVERYTHING UP TO THIS POINT IN
THE HIERARCHY IS
NON-LIVING
ABOVE THIS POINT
LIVING
SMALLEST STRUCTURAL UNIT OF LIFE
CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
NO NUCLEUS
BACTERIA
EUKARYOTIC
NUCLEUS
PROTISTS, FUNGI,PLANTS,ANIMALS
COLONIAL
GROUP OF CELLS WORK TOGETHER BUT ARE
NOT DEPENDANT ON EACH OTHER
ALGAE
SPONGES
(autotrophic)
(heterotrophic)
TISSUES
GROUP OF SPECIALIZED CELLS HAVING SAME
FUNCTION ARE DEPENDANT ON EACH OTHER
ORGANS
SPECIALIZED TISSUES PERFORM SAME FUNCTION
SYSTEMS
SPECIALIZED ORGANS PERFORM SAME FUNCTION
IT SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD THAT LIVING
ORGANISMS EXIST AT ALL LEVELS
CELLULAR
COLONIAL
SIMPLE ORGANS
TISSUE
SIMPLE SYSTEMS
FINAL LEVELS ILLUSTRATE THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE ORGANISM AND ITS EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT: ECOLOGY
KINGDOMS
• In Linnaean Taxonomy the Kingdom is the largest
group into which organisms can be classified
• Organisms are placed into a Kingdom based upon
three criteria:
– Type of Cell: Prokayotic/Eukaryotic
– Level of Organization: Unicellular/Multicellular
– Method of Energy Conversion: Autotroph/Heterotroph
6 KINGDOMS
ARCHAEBACTERIA
FUNGI
EUBACTERIA
PLANTAE
PROTISTA
ANIMALIA
Directions: 6 Kingdoms Chart
• TEXT
– Holt Biology(Owl) pg 347-349
– Glencoe Biology(Zebra) pg 499-503
• Complete the chart with this information:
TYPE OF CELL
PROKARYOTIC/EUKARYOTIC
METABOLISM(Energy Conversion)
AUTOTROPHIC(photosynthetic or
chemosynthetic) HETEROTROPHIC
CELL NUMBER(Level of Organization)
UNICELLULAR/MULTICELLULAR
REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL/SEXUAL
SYMMETRY
Cross out this category, use the space for
more examples
EXAMPLES
LIST EXAMPLES FROM THE MAJOR GROUPS
WITHIN THE KINGDOM
ARCHAEBACTERIA
“old-bacteria”
Type of Cell
Prokaryotic
Metabolism
Autotrophic (Chemo/Photo) and Heterotrophic
Cell Number
Unicellular
Reproduction
Asexual: Binary fission
Examples
Thermoacidophiles: volcanic vent bacteria, 3 &4
Methanogens: decomposition/digestion, 1
Halophiles: salt loving, 2
EUBACTERIA
“True-bacteria”
Type of Cell
Prokaryotic
Metabolism
Heterotrophic, some Photosynthetic Autotrophs
Cell Number
Unicellular
Reproduction
Asexual: Binary Fission
Examples
Disease causing bacteria, probiotcs, decomposing
strep
E. coli
staph
Cocci: round
Spirillus: spiral
Bacillus: rods
PROTISTA
“First-organism”
Type of Cell
Eukaryotic
Metabolism
Photosynthetic Autotrophs/ Heterotrophs
Cell Number
Unicellular/ Multicellular Colonials
Reproduction
Asexual : Mitosis
Examples
Algae, seaweed, zooplankton, phytoplankton
paramecium
volvox
amoeba
spirogyra
plasmodium
euglena
dinoflagellates
FUNGI
“sphongus” Greek for sponge
Type of Cell
Eukaryotic
Metabolism
Heterotrophic: saprophyte(absorb from decomposition)
Cell Number
Unicellular/ Multicellular
Reproduction
Asexual: mitosis
Examples
Yeast, molds, mildew, mushrooms, puffballs
Sexual: gamete union
Penicillium mold
toadstools
brackett
mushroom
puffball
Black mold
yeast
PLANTAE
Type of Cell
Eukaryotic
Metabolism
Photosynthetic Autotrophs
Cell Number
Multicellular
Reproduction
Asexual: budding, runners
Examples
mosses
Sexual: meiosis
Moss, ferns, conifers, flowering
ferns
conifers
flowering
ANIMALIA
Type of Cell
Eukaryotic
Metabolism
Heterotrophic
Cell Number
Multicellular (all levels)
Reproduction
Asexual (regeneration) Sexual
Examples
Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
mammals
invertebrates
amphibians
birds
fish
reptiles