The Cardiovascular System:
Blood
Chapter 10
.
Journey into
Molecular
Biology
Snake Venom to Blood
Infection!!!
• You have one. How does your body save
you?
• First we need to understand what blood is
made up of.
Functions
Transportation:
oxygen and carbon dioxide
nutrients
waste products
hormones
Regulation: pH & body temperature
Protection: Immune Response
Characteristics
Connective tissue
Temperature = 38 degrees C
pH is slightly alkaline (basic):
7.35 to 7.45
4-6 liters of blood per adult
Constitutes about 8% of total
body weight
Components
 Plasma---55%
 Formed
elements---45%
platelets
erythrocytes
leukocytes
Plasma
• Straw colored
liquid
• 91.5% water;
7% proteins;
1.5% other
solutes
Platelets
250,000 to
500,000µL
Help blood
clotting
Platelets Spreading
Sometimes
called
thrombocytes
Work with
Fibrin to make
clots
Anucleate
Physiological
Platelets (stained purple), Homeostasis
1 drop of blood = 50µL
Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells
o Biconcave; 8 micrometers in
diameter; no nucleus or other
organelles
o Contain hemoglobin
o Live only about 120 days
o RBC production takes place in
red bone marrow
o 4 to 6 million µL; Outnumber
white blood cells 1000:1
Hemoglobin
o Iron containing protein
o Binds strongly, but reversibly
to oxygen
o Each hemoglobin molecule has
four oxygen binding sites
o Each erythrocyte has 250
million hemoglobin molecules
A Quick Review
• What is blood made up of?
• What are the jobs of blood?
• How do platelets help a wound
heal?
• Where is hemoglobin located and
what is its job?
Review: theClip
Leukocytes:White Blood Cells
The Immune Response
NPR
Flu and You
Neutrophils
60 to70 % of all WBCs
Active phagocytes
Number increases rapidly
during short term or acute
infections
The Parasite
Eosinophils
2 to 4 % of all WBCs
Increase during allergy
attacks
React to parasitic worms
Inactivate some inflammatory
chemicals
Cytotoxic
T-Cell
T-Cell Killing
Target
Lymphocytes
20 to 25 % of all
WBCs
Provides Immunity
(eg. Killer T-Cell)
Produces antibodies
Nucleus fills most
of the cell
Humoral Immunity
B-Cells
• Long Term Memory
• B-Cells make antibodies which trigger a TCell reaction to kill the invader
• Vaccines, Chicken Pox, Viral Infections
Humoral
Immunity
(Go animation)
Leukemia
• Type of cancer than can be found in the
Bone marrow or lymphocytes
• Produces too many white blood cells
• Symptoms: Cold, Fever, Easy Bruising,
Bone Pain, Blood does not clot
• Treatment: Chemotherapy, Blood
transfusion, Bone Marrow Transplant, and
Stem Cell Transplant
Computer Lab on White Blood Cells
Be Sure to take notes of each type and Draw a Picture of Each
Hemostasis
 Stoppage of blood flow
 Result of a break in a blood vessel
 Hemostasis involves three phases
Platelet plug formation
Vascular spasms
Coagulation
BLEEDING
Blood Clotting
 Blood usually clots within 3 to 6
minutes
 The clot remains as endothelium
regenerates
 The clot is broken down after
tissue repair
Details
of
Blood Clotting
Video Clip
Of
Blood Clot
Undesirable Clotting
 Thrombus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel
Can be deadly in areas like the heart
 Embolus: Where will it end?
A thrombus that breaks away and
floats freely in the bloodstream
Can later clog vessels in critical areas
such as the brain
Bleeding Disorders
 Thrombocytopenia
Platelet deficiency
Even normal movements can cause
bleeding from small blood vessels that
require platelets for clotting
 Hemophilia
Hereditary bleeding disorder
Normal clotting factors are missing
Blood Groups and
Transfusions
 Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes
weakness
Loss of over 30 percent causes shock,
which can be fatal
 Transfusions are the only way to
replace blood quickly
 Transfused blood must be of the
same blood group
Incidence of Blood Types in the
United States
Blood Type (percentage)
Population
Group
O
A
B
AB
Rh+
White
45
40
11
4
85
Black
49
27
20
4
95
Korean
32
28
30
10
100
Japanese
31
38
21
10
100
Chinese
42
27
25
6
100
Native
American
79
16
4
1
100
ABO Blood Groups
 Based on the presence or absence of
two antigens
 Type A
 Type B
 The lack of these antigens is called
type O
 There are over 30 common red blood
cell antigens
 The mismatch of an Rh– mother
carrying an Rh+ baby can cause
problems for the unborn child
The first pregnancy usually proceeds
without problems
In a second pregnancy, the mother’s
immune system produces antibodies to
attack the Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease
of the newborn)
Blood Typing
 Blood samples are mixed with anti-A,
anti-B, & anti-Rh serum and checked for
coagulation.
 Cross matching – testing for
agglutination of donor RBCs by the
recipient’s serum, and vice versa
Blood
Groups
AB
B
A
O
Blood Movie
United Str.
Blood
Typing
Game
Palatine tonsils.
Lymphatic System
Immune response and Drainage
Lymphatic
System
Adam: Lymph
Node
Parts of the Lymphatic System
• Lymphatic Capillaries: pick up extra fluid
from between cells.
• Lymphatic Vessels: Lymph capillaries
merge into larger vesicles that carry lymph
to the nodes.
• Lymph Nodes: Oblong structures that
contain white blood cells (lymphocytes) that
kill invaders.
• Lymph: Fluid in the lymphatic system.
Where does the fluid go?
• Once clean it empties into the vena cava of
the heart.
• Puts all spare fluid into the blood stream
where it will be filtered in the kidneys.
What about the Spleen?
• Spleen is a cardio and lymphatic organ
• Stores extra blood
• Checks blood and removes aged or
damaged red blood cells.
• Also can play a role in body defense
because of the high amount of lymphatic
cells stored there.
What are the 2 parts of the
immune system?
• Nonspecific immunity: Protects from a wide
variety of pathogens.
• Specific Immunity: Protection against a
specific foreign agent through the
lymphocyte response.
What are the parts of nonspecific
immunity?
• Species resistance: You don’t have the receptors
• Mechanical Barriers: Skin and mucous
• Chemical Barriers: Enzymes, Pepsin, Gastric
juices, tears
• Inflammation
• Phagocytosis: Neutrophils and monocytes
• Interferon: Proteins made by cells that respond or
interfere with viruses and cancer.
Specific Immunity: the
antibodies
• You know about the lymphocyte response.
Now learn about the type of antibodies.
– IgG (Immunoglobulin G): Against bacteria,
viruses, and toxins
– IgA: from Mother’s milk: respiratory viruses
and digestive disturbances
– IgM: Attracts T-cells, macrophages.
A disease of the lymphatic
system?
• .
Elephantiasis
Lymphatic
Disorders