Structure and function of
macromolecules
B
Assignment!
• We will make a foldable with the following information
• you will need
• scissors
• 3 pieces of paper
• to listen for each cut and fold
What are macromolecules?
• Macromolecules
are large organic
(contain carbon
living or once living
organisms)
molecules
• aka polymers
• made of smaller
building blocks
called monomers
What makes carbon important?
• 4 electrons in its outer shell
• outer shell is capable of
holding 8
• carbon is capable of making
up to 4 bonds with other
atoms
• forms covalent bonds with
other atoms (very strong)
• usually shares with C, N,O,
or H
• ratio is 1:2:1
• ex. glucose = C6H12O6
How are macromolecules formed and broken
down?
• Dehydration
synthesis = makes
macromolecules by
pulling out a water
molecule
• hydrolysis = takes
macromolecules
apart by adding a
water molecule
What are carbohydrates?
• carbohydrate = sugars,
organic molecules
containing:
• carbon
• hydrogen
• oxygen
1:2:1 ratio
• 4 types:
•
•
•
•
simple sugars
starch
cellulose
glycogen
• monomer = simple sugars,
monosaccharides
What types of sugars are there?
• monosaccharides
• simple sugars
• glucose
• fructose
• galactose
• disaccharides
• 2 attached sugar molecules
• sucrose (glucose + fructose)
• maltose (glucose + glucose)
• lactose (glucose + galactose)
• polysaccharides
• many attached sugars
• starch
• cellulose
• glycogen
Why are saccharides useful to organisms?
• glucose – major energy
source provided by plants
• photosynthesis
• starch – storage of
glucose in plants
• cellulose – makes cell
walls of plants
• glycogen – storage of
glucose in animals
How can carbs be tested for?
• benedicts solution – tests for
simple sugars
• put benedicts solution into
suspect sugar solution
• boil
• look for color change blue 
orange/green/ red
• Lugols solution (IKI) – test for
starch
• put into suspected starch
solution
• look for color change brown 
black/purple
What are lipids?
• fats
• saturated fats
• unsaturated fats
• transfats
• not soluble in water (don’t
dissolve)
• storage for more energy
•
•
•
•
fats
oils
phospholipids (which make up?)
triglycerides
What are the types of fats?
• saturated
• animal fat
• solid at room temperature
• no double bonds
• C chain saturated with single H
bonds
• unsaturated
• plant fat
• liquid at room temperature
• carbon chain with at least 1
double bond
• Triglycerides
• glycerol with 3 fatty acid chains
• E shape
What are lipids used for?
• long term energy storage
• insulate and waterproof
the organism
• chemical messages
• protect against physical
shock
How can lipids be tested for?
• spot test
• rub suspected lipid on brown paper
• look for shiny spot
What are proteins?
• Also called polypeptides
• made of C,H,O,N, and
Sulfur in some cases
• monomer: 20 different
amino acids
• bonded together with
peptide bonds
• 8 essential amino acids
only obtained from food
How are proteins structured?
• primary
• amino acids in straight chains made
of peptide bonds
• secondary
• 3D structure
• folded coils or sheets
• H bonds
• Tertiary
• called subunits
• secondary structures bent and folded
into globular shape
• quaternary
•
•
•
•
2 or more subunits
globular shape
form in water
make enzymes
What are proteins used for?
• catalyst – enzymes control reaction rates
• storage – small molecules can attach to proteins
• transport – channel proteins in the cell membrane
• messenger – hormones
• antibodies – bind to pathogens
• regulation – help maintain homeostasis
• structure – provide support
How are proteins detected?
• biuret solution
• place suspected protein
solution into biuret solution
• look for color change from
blue  purple
What are nucleic acids?
• made of chains of
nucleotides
• linked by dehydration
synthesis
• 2 types
• DNA
• RNA
What are nucleotides?
• Made of a:
• phosphate group
• pentose sugar (5 carbons)
• 5 different nucleotides
•
•
•
•
•
adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine
uracil
What are the differences in DNA and RNA
• DNA
• double stranded
• 4 bases
•
•
•
•
A
C
T
G
• RNA
• Single stranded
• 4 bases
•
•
•
•
A
C
U
G
What are enzymes?
• -ase = enzyme
• examples of enzymes
•
•
•
•
carbonic anhydrose – keeps carbon dioxide from building in blood
lipase – speeds digestion of lipids
RNA polymerase – speeds up transcription of RNA
Catalase – breaks down alcohol
http://www.pinterest.com/zeldabean3/biology
-jokes/
Assignment!
• Testing for macromolecules
• Virtual lab
• Hands on lab