BLOOD
I. Functions of Blood
Transportation
oxygen and carbon dioxide
nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes
heat
Regulation
regulates pH through buffer systems
regulates body temperature
regulates osmotic pressure within cells
Protection
clotting mechanisms to prevent blood loss
Fight disease
II. Components of Blood
Plasma = straw colored liquid component of blood
Water = 92%
Solutes (Plasma Proteins) = 8%
Formed Elements = Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes
III. Plasma and Serum
Plasma contains several proteins
Plasma apheresis: separates plasma from blood cells
Serum --name given to plasma when blood clotting factors are removed
IV.Hematopoiesis
process where blood cells are formed
occurs in red bone marrow
come from specialized stem cells called Hemocytoblasts
stimulated by the hormone Erythropoietin produced in the kidneys
V. Erythrocytes (RBC’s)
95% of blood cells
44% of total blood volume
contain oxygen carrying pigment Hemoglobin --gives whole blood it’s red color
VI. Hemoglobin
RBC’s contain Hemoglobin molecules
Globin = protein
Heme = (4 heme groups per globin) non protein = responsible for RBC pigmentation (color)
Iron Ion (Fe++)
VII. Leukocytes (WBC’s)
main function is immunity
contains a nucleus
no Hemoglobin
Two Main Types: (Granulocytes)
Granules in cytoplasm
(Agranulocytes)
no cytoplasmic granules
VIII. Granulocytes
Neutrophils
55%-60% of WBC’s
phagocytic removal of foreign particles
Eosinophils
1%-4% of WBC’s
phagocytic removal of allergens
Basophils
0.5% or less of WBC’s
promotes inflammation by secreting histamines
IX. Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
25%-33% of WBC’s
produce antibodies removing toxins and viruses
Monocytes
3%-8% of WBC’s
active phagocyte remove large foreign particles and damaged cells
become Macrophages
(Fixed or Wandering)
X. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Clot blood and repair of damaged blood vessels
150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter
life span of about 5 to 9 days
XI. Hemostasis
mechanism by which bleeding is stopped
Three Basic Mechanisms
Vascular Spasms
Platelet Plug Formation
Coagulation (Clotting)
1. Vascular Spasm
contraction of the smooth muscles in the vascular walls of a damaged blood vessel
reflexes from pain receptors
2. Platelet Plug Formation
Platelet Adhesion = platelets contact and stick to walls of damaged vessels
Platelet Release Reaction = platelets extend projections and release content of their
granules
Platelet Aggregation = platelets gather in area of wound or injury
forms a Platelet Plug to stop bleeding
3. Coagulation (Clotting)
Several steps needed for process to work
Intrinisic (within blood)
Extrinsic (within tissues)
forms a Clot = a network of fibrinogen(protein fibers) changes to fibrin
Thrombus and Embolus
Thrombus: stationary clot
Embolus: traveling clot
Clot may be blood, gas, fat, wastes, etc.
A BO
Blood Typing
each parent contributes antigens (agglutinogens), or lack of antigens to their offspring
O + O = O blood type
A + O and A + A = A blood type
B + O and B + B = B blood type
A + B = AB blood type
Rh Factor (READ FROM THE LAB PACKET ON ABO BLOOD ABOUT THE RH
FACTOR)
also based upon antigens (agglutinogens) located on the surface of erythrocytes
named because it was first worked out on blood of Rhesus monkeys
Rh+ = people have Rh agglutinogens (D antigens)
Rh- = people lack Rh agglutinogens
THE END OF BLOOD