KETONES
MIKAYLA BRYAN, JOSH RAU,
AND LOGAN TELLIER
MR. SNYDER
M O N D A Y D E C E M B E R 2 ND, 2 0 1 3 .
WHAT IS TO COME…
• Structure and Functional Group
• Reactions: Oxidation and Hydrogenation
• Physical and Chemical Properties
• Uses of Ketones
• Steps of Ketone Nomenclature
and Line Drawings
• Examples
THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP
Characterized by oxygen double bonded to Carbon
Carbonyl Group
STRUCTURE
• Similar to Aldehyde.
• Carbonyl group must
have two carbons on
either side (or other
groups possibly).
• Must be attached to
at least 2nd carbon.
ALDEHYDES VS. KETONES
Aldehyde
-al
Ketone
-one
KETONES
• Name was
derived from
German spelling
of a common
ketone
molecule:
acetone.
Aketone 
Ketone
**Simplest Form
of Ketone
2-propanone
REACTIONS
Ketone Reactions
• The main difference between aldehydes and
ketones is a presence of a hydrogen atom.
• Historically, the term “oxidation” was used to
describe any reaction involving oxygen.
• When a secondary alcohol is oxidized, the
carbonyl group is formed necessarily
attached to two alkyl groups, forming a
ketone.
• Ketones don’t further into making more
compounds once they have been oxidized
by the secondary alcohol.
• Ketones in general are hormones.
• Oxidation reactions for ketones usually
involve an acid catalyst.
Hydrogenation
• A reaction called “hydrogenation”
involves a hydrogen gas and a
platinum catalyst which produces
alcohols.
• The process is commonly employed
to reduce or saturate organic
compounds.
• Catalysts are required for the reaction
to be usable.
• Hydrogenation reduces double and triple bonds
in hydrocarbons.
APPLICATIONS OF KETONES
• Acetone has many uses in
industries due to many unique
attributes; it is one of the few
organic compounds that is
infinitely soluble in water and can
dissolve organic compounds
• Acetone is largely used as an
industrial solvent and is often
used to dissolve paints, varnishes,
resins or nail polish
• The low boiling point and volatility
of Acetone allows for it to be
removed by evapouration when
no longer wanted
• Methyl Ethyl Ketone or
Butanone, like Acetone
finds much of its use in
industrial applications
• MEK is also used as an
industrial solvent and is
applied in the
manufacturing of
paraffin wax or textiles
• Some other common
uses of MEK are in dry
erase markers as the
solvent of the dye or as
‘modeling glue’ as it
dissolves polystyrene
• Cyclohexanone is another
ketone prominent in
industry and manufacturing
• Much of the world’s supply
of Cyclohexanone is used
to produce Nylon as well as
to produce Adipic Acid;
which is also mainly used in
the production of Nylon
KETONES IN THE HUMAN BODY
• Ketones are also present in the
human body in the form of three
different ‘Ketone bodies’
• These are produced by the liver
from fatty acids to use as energy
instead of glucose in times of low
food intake
• Ketone bodies are largely
produced in a state of ketosis;
caused by a diet with no
carbohydrates and therefore a
deficit of glucose in the body
Fatty acids
• Type 1 diabetics may have such
high levels of Ketone bodies in
their systems due to poor
metabolization of glucose that it
will lower the pH of their blood
that the kidneys will attempt to
excrete all Ketones and glucose
from the body, potentially causing
deadly dehydration
• Ketone bodies are applied in the
human bodie under normal
circumstances as well, serving as
a constant source of energy for
vital organs such as the heart and
brain.
• On top of being involved in
hormones, ketones are also
prominent in health and diet
supplements
NOMENCLATURE
• REMEMBER: the carbonyl group must be attached
to at least the second carbon of the chain.
• Ending of ketones is “-one”
IUPAC NAMING STEPS
1) Identify longest parent chain and give it an
alkane name except replace the -e ending
with –one.
(Ex. Butane 
Butanone)
2) Give the position of the carbonyl group
before the parent chain name. (Start at the
end closest to the carbonyl group.
IUPAC NAMING STEPS
3) Name all alkyl or other groups normally and
place at beginning of the name (prefix).
4) Put the prefix and suffix together:
alkyl groups + parent alkane
(position # -one)
EXAMPLES
2-propanone
or acetone
EXAMPLES MULTIPLE CARBONYL
GROUPS
2,3,4-pentanetrione
EXAMPLES: ALKYL GROUPS
• 3-methyl-2-pentanone
EXAMPLES: CYCLOALKANE KETONES
Cycloheptanone
PLEASE NOTE
Double or triple bonds:
Number the carbons based on the
closest carbonyl group
The double and triple bonds are
numbered through an alkene and
alkyne naming system but numbered
AFTER carbonyl group
EXAMPLES: ALKENES WITH KETONES
3-methyl-4-hexen-2-one
EXAMPLES: ALKYNES WITH KETONES
4-octyn-3-one
NAME THIS
2,4-diethylcyclohexanone
DRAW THIS
3,5-dimethyl-2-hexanone
NAME THIS
1,1-dibromo-3-methyl-5-octyn-2-one
DIY
• Please complete numbers 1-3 in the
nomenclature section.
• ALSO complete numbers 7-9 in the line
drawing section
• (Answers will be gone through on
white board.)
QUESTIONS??
• Please ask any question pertinent to this
presentation at this point in time.