Aldehydes and Ketones
Chapter 14
Structure

Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl
group which consists of a carbon double-bonded
to an oxygen.
O
C

In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is at the end.
 In ketones, the carbonyl group is located within
O
O
the chain.
C
C
H
R
Aldehyde
R
R
Ketone
Properties
 Polar
compounds
 Boiling points higher than ethers and
hydrocarbons but less than alcohols
Alkanes < Ethers < Aldehydes and Ketones < Alcohols

Aldehydes and ketones with less than five
carbons are soluble in water.
Properties Practice Problem 1
Which member in each pair would have a higher
boiling point?
O
A.
O
CH3COH
CH3CCH3
O
B.
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH
Properties Practice Problem 1
Answer
Which member in each pair would have a higher
boiling point?
O
A.
O
CH3COH
CH3CCH3
O
B.
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH
Properties Practice Problem 2
Which member in each of the following pairs will
be more water soluble?
O
O
A.
CH3CH2CH2CCH2CH2CH3
B.
CH3CH2CH
O
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH
Properties Practice Problem 2
Which member in each of the following pairs will
be more water soluble?
O
O
A.
CH3CH2CH2CCH2CH2CH3
B.
CH3CH2CH
O
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes
 Determine
the parent chain which is the
longest continuous chain containing the
carbonyl group.
 Replace the final –e with –al.
 Number the chain beginning with the
carbonyl carbon.
 Number and name all substituents as
usual.
NAMING ALDEHYDES THE
IUPAC WAY

a)
b)
See page 399 question 14.3:
CH3
O
CH3CHCHCH2-C-H
CH3
O
CH3CH-C-H
Cl
Naming Aldehydes the IUPAC
way
c)
O
CH3CH2CH2CH-C-H
CH2CH3
d)
O
CH3CHCH2-C-H
OH
Common Names for Aldehydes
 Formaldehyde
AKA methanal
 Acetaldehyde AKA ethanal
 Others
398
can be found in Table 14.1 on pg.
IUPAC Nomenclature for Ketones
 Very
similar to naming aldehydes
 The –e ending is replaced with –one.
 The location of the carbonyl carbon is
indicated with a number.
 The longest chain is numbered to give the
carbonyl carbon the lowest possible
number.
Naming Ketones the IUPAC
way
See page 401 question 14.5
O
O
a) CH3CH-C-CH3
b) CH3CH-C-CH3
I
CH3
O
O
c) CH3CH-C-CH2CH3
d) CH3CHCH2-C-CH3
F
CH2CH2CH2CH

3
Common Nomenclature for
Ketones
 Propanone
is also known as acetone.
 Name the alkyl groups that are bonded to
the carbonyl carbon.
 Use these as prefixes followed by the
word ketone.
 Arrange the alkyl groups alphabetically.
KETONES- COMMON NAMES
O
a) CH3CH-C-CH3
O
c) CH3CH-C-CH2CH3
O
b) CH3CH-C-CH3
CH3
d)
O
CHCH2-C-CH3
CH2CH2CH2CH
Homework
Pg.
418:
# 14.25, 26, 27, 31, 33, 35, &
36