Section #1 Unfair treatment of African Americans Separation of people of different races Organization that carried out protests against public places that refused to serve/admit African Americans Organization set up to challenge segregation laws Chief case lawyer for NAACP who argued Brown Made separate but equal legal in America Supreme Court decision that decided segregated schools were illegal. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson The bringing of races together in public schools 9 black students who integrated an all-white Central high school in Little Rock Opposed Arkansas integration of public schools in African American who was arrested for violating the bussing laws on segregation A/A refused to ride busses in Montgomery until they were desegregated Civil Rights leader who helped organize the bus boycott and preached non violence Refusal to obey laws that are deemed unjust Organization that helped A/A fight for equality. Stressed non-violence Some of the legal challenges to segregation were: 1. the Brown v. the Board of Education court case, 2. The arrest of Rosa Parks 3. The struggle in Arkansas between the president & Governor Faubus over integration of Central High School. Some social challenges were: 1. the Montgomery Bus Boycott 2. Non-violent protests 3. The creation of organizations such as C.O.R.E. and S.C.L.C. 1. When war broke out many African Americans got jobs in factories that usually only hired whites. 2. African Americans also joined the war and many fought bravely for democracy & freedom, yet they didn’t necessarily enjoy those same freedoms at home. 3. The Holocaust showed everyone what discrimination and racism could lead to and many people felt that we needed to end this practice in America. 1. The Brown case was significant in that it overturned the Court’s earlier decision under Plessey. 2. It was now declaring that separate but equal was unconstitutional. 3. After this decision schools were forced to desegregate, and eventually this integration expanded to all public facilities. MLK means that African Americans would take a stand to gain the rights due to them as American citizens Kennedy & Johnson Expanded African American voting Increased job opportunities Outlawed discrimination in federal housing Established Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity Name given to Kennedy’s social reform plan. He also backed federal aid for education & the poor. He supported civil rights but didn’t act to strongly so as to not upset Southern Democrats. The man charged with assassinating President Kennedy on November 22, 1963. He would later be killed before he could stand trial. • Provided funds to poorer states for education • Gave federal funding to poor African American colleges • Signed legislation that outlawed discrimination in registering voters Nickname given to LBJ’s domestic policy. It centered on reducing poverty, promoting equality, improving education, and rebuilding decaying cities. Program that focused on helping people that lived below the poverty line, the minimum income needed to live. It created Head Start, which provided preschool education for the poor. It also created Job Corps that trained young people for the work place. Act 1964: Act passed during LBJ’s administration. It banned discrimination against African Americans in employment, voting, & public places. It forbade discrimination by race, gender, religion, and national origin. JFK & LBJ had similar ideas for social programs to help Americans (help for the poor, support for education, and civil rights) However; Kennedy was unable to get his initiatives through Congress, while Johnson was highly successful in getting his Great Society programs passed. LBJ wants Americans to view poverty, ignorance, and disease as enemies instead of other people. If people focus on the things that make us different and not the actual people then maybe we can overcome these differences and end hatred & violence among different races. Johnson was most likely more successful in passing the civil rights bill because he had more legislative experience then Kennedy. LBJ served 22 years in Congress prior to entering the White House. Also, Congress most likely passed legislation to honor Kennedy after his assassination. The act of protesting by sitting down & refusing to leave when asked. These protests were often nonviolent in nature. Four African American men stage a sit-in at the Woolworth’s lunch counter in order to protest segregation. T.V. coverage helps spread the sit-in to numerous other locations. An organization helped founded by Ella Baker that focused on nonviolence protests often by college students. An attempt by members of CORE, both black & white, to test if bus facilities were truly desegregated. Freedom Riders were attacked in Alabama & arrested in Mississippi but did not stop coming. Finally in the fall of 1961 interstate busses & facilities were desegregated. The first African American to enroll & attend the University of Mississippi. Governor Ross Barnett used state police to keep him from registering. Finally JFK sent federal marshals & troops to protect Meredith. Letter written by MLK in response to criticism from a group of white clergy who wanted him to stop his nonviolent protests & his desegregation efforts. He wrote this from a jail cell after being arrested for protesting in Birmingham. A peaceful rally, held in D.C. in August of 1963 to support the civil rights bill. Over 200,000 people of all colors attended. MLK gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. An attempt by civil rights workers to get African Americans throughout the south registered to vote. The workers often faced violent opposition. An act that gave the federal government the power to force local officials to allow African Americans to register & vote. Onetime leader of the Nation of Islam, commonly known as the Black Muslims. He didn’t want integration but wanted a separate black America. He later softened his views and was assassinated by members of the Nation of Islam. A violent organization out of Oakland, California made up mostly of inner city poor African Americans who wanted to truly fight for their rights. They had numerous violent altercations with police. Onetime leader of the SNCC who promoted the idea of Black Power. He wanted to create a black culture & independent political institution. He was rejected by the NAACP but did gain popularity with many poor urban blacks. Civil rights groups used civil disobedience and nonviolence to force desegregation of public places, demonstrations to draw attention to the lack of voting rights, and legal challenges to unjust laws. Sit-ins were effective in challenging segregation because they were a nonviolent form of protest. They cost individual businesses lots of money which forced owners to change their segregation policies. People from all over the country could watch these demonstrations and help demand change. People could see the white policemen beating nonviolent protestors and became enraged. TV helped the civil rights movement expand rapidly across the country. The successful use of the sit-in is an example. He meant that African Americans were seen as not fully human. Achieving civil rights could not happen until African Americans were respected as human beings. The violence of the riots may have turned people against the civil rights movement. Continued violence jeopardized the nonviolent message that MLK & others were promoting. Activist who fight for women’s rights A group that fought for equal rights for women in all aspects of life- jobs, education, and marriage An attempt by NOW to get an amendment added to the constitution that stated “ equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex” This amendment never get enough states to ratify it so it was never added to the constitution. First female Supreme Court Justice, she was appointed by Ronald Reagan in 1981she served on the court until 2006, when she retired. Leader of the United Farm Workers union. He fought for equality for Mexican Americans Union created to fight for the rights of migrant farm workers from Mexico. They organized protests and boycotts in order to gain better work pay & shorter hours. An organization that was created to fight discrimination against Latinos & to elect Latinos to government posts. An act passed by Congress in 1968 which protected the constitutional rights of all Native Americans. It also recognized the right of Native American nations to make laws on their own reservations. An organization that worked for equal rights and better living conditions for all Native Americans. The group successfully used protests and extended overtaking of buildings to get what they wanted. A 1975 Act that asserted the right of children with disabilities to equal educational opportunity. School must also offer special services to meet their needs. Women, Latinos, Native Americans, and people with disabilities organized to fight for equal rights. All achieved varying degrees of success in bringing about change, although no group achieved all of its aims. Women had fewer opportunities than men, and women were paid only 59 cents for every dollar men made. They also suffered from verbal abuse and sexist remarks. Answer will vary