Unit 2 Test Review
Answers
People
Sam Adams
• Founder and Leader of the Sons of Liberty
George Washington
• Commander of the Continental Army
• Experienced and inspiring
• Led the Continental Army to a victory, against many odds
• Ex. Limited training, limited numbers, and limited supplies
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence
Marquis de Lafayette
• French General
• Helped Continental soldiers at Valley Forge
• Bought clothing with his own money
• Trained the troops so they’d be ready to fight on the spring.
Bernardo de Galvez
• Spanish General
• Helped the Colonists by
defeating the British in
several battles in
Louisiana and Florida
Thomas Paine
• Wrote Common Sense to encourage colonists to separate
themselves from Britain, so that they could become a
profitable.
• “Our corn will fetch its price in any market in Europe…”
• Wrote The American Crisis to inspire the continental army to
continue fighting despite their struggles.
Patrick Henry
Before American Revolution:
• Radical colonial leader who opposed to British Taxes.
• Helped stage boycotts
• “Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death” written to inspire
colonists to join the patriot cause
After American Revolution:
• Anti Federalist
• He thought that the Constitution didn’t do enough to ensure
the people’s rights.
John Locke
• Argued that people had natural rights which could not be
taken away.
• Life, Liberty, and Property
• His ideas were written into the Declaration of Independence
as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Battles
Lexington & Concord
• 1st battles of the American Revolution
• “…the shot heard round the world.”
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
Bunker Hill
• “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”
• Because they needed to save ammunition
• Moral victory of the Continental Army because they held off
the world’s most powerful army
Saratoga
• Turning point of the war
• Treaty of Alliance OFFICIAL between France and the American
Government
Yorktown
• Last major battle of the American Revolution
• British General, Lord Cornwallis, was trapped by American and
French soldiers
• Trapped, Lord Cornwallis and his troops surrender
• Americans win their independence
Events
French and Indian War
• War between England and France
• Britain claimed that the colonists (who were the benefactors
of the war) would have to pay the debt
• This led to many new TAXES which angered the colonists
Valley Forge
• Long cold winter for Washington’s troops
• Full of hardships
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Desperate need of food and warm clothing
Starvation
Sickness
Exposure to the cold
Boston Massacre
• Tensions between colonists and soldiers was at an all time
high in 1770.
• Group of soldiers was being taunted by a large crown of
colonists.
• Soldiers got scared and opened fire, killing 5 people.
• Rallying cry for freedom.
• Paintings and engravings created to help sway public opinion
and increase opposition to British rule in the colonies.
Road
to the
Revolution
Proclamation 1763
What?
Proclamation by King George III, stated colonists couldn’t settle
West of the Appalachian Mountains
Why?
Britain wanted peace because it was too expensive to fight Native
Americans
Effect:
Colonist were furious and thought this was just an attempt by the
British to have more control over them.
Enlightenment– Unalienable Rights
• Natural rights that cannot be taken away
• Life, liberty, and property
Second Continental Congress
• Created the Declaration of Independence
• Voted to organize a national army and appointed George
Washington as its commander in chief.
Declaration of Independence
• Written by Thomas Jefferson, 1776
• “That to secure these rights, governments are instituted
among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of
the governed.”
• Ensuring unalienable (natural) rights
• Document listed grievances against King George III
Forming
A New
Government
Albany Plan of Union
• Written/drawn by Benjamin Franklin
• First formal proposal to unite the colonies.
Articles of Confederation
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No power to enforce laws
No power to tax, regulate trade
14 different currencies
No national court
No chief executive
No national Army
Laws: one state = one vote
What are they afraid of? A STRONG government. What does
this remind them of? King George III!
Federalists
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Debated for ratification (approval) of the Constitution
Strong Central Gov’t
Powerful Executive Branch
Wanted to ratify Constitution as written.
Federalists Papers
• Essays written and published to help support ratification of
the Constitution.
Anti – Federalists
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Against ratification
Wanted stronger states’ rights
More people’s rights
Demanded the Bill of Rights be added to protect the individual
rights of the people from the government.
Northwest Ordinance
• Created new rules for the territory to become states
• Each had to have 60,000 free citizens to become a state
3/5ths Compromise
• North:
• Slaves should count for taxation
• Slaves should not count as citizens for representation
• South
• Slaves should not count for taxation
• Slaves should count for the population
• Compromise: Slaves will count as 3/5ths of a person when
setting taxes and representation
Great Compromise
• 3 Branches of Government
• 2 Houses in the Legislative Branch
• 2 Senators per state (equality for all states)
• House of Representatives based on population.
Virginia Plan
• BIG state plan
• 3 branches of government
• Legislative branch would have two houses
• Houses based on population
New Jersey Plan
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Small state plan
Legislative Branch would have one house
One State = One Vote
Small states wanted everyone to have EQUAL representation
Constitution
• Written in 1787
• 3 Branches of Government
• Defines separation of powers by establishing a Supreme
Legislature, Judiciary, and Executive branch
• Explains how to elect representatives
• Lays out how the Constitution can be changed (or amended)
Bill of Rights
• Created to protect individual rights.
• Specifically guarantees freedoms and gives rights to the US
and the states
Timelines
#1
Declaration of Independence
Treaty of Paris 1783
Articles of Confederation
Constitution
Bill of Rights
#2
Washington flees NY
Battle of Saratoga
British capture Charleston
British surrender at
Yorktown
Treaty of Paris 1783