Chapter 18 Study Guide
Conflict and Absolutism in Europe
Name: _______________________ Period: _______
1. Philip II—“the most Catholic king” of Spain, launched an armada in 1588 against
England in an attempt to force them to convert back to Catholicism
2. Henry IV—Henry of Navarre, came to power in France as a Protestant but was
forced to convert since 93% of France was Catholic.
3. Edict of Nantes—issued by Henry IV, recognized Catholicism as the official
religion of France, Protestants given right of free worship and all political
privileges
4. witchcraft trials—took place in the 17th century due to the Inquisition, hysteria
took over as people thought witches could cast spells and took oaths of allegiance
with the devil. Most accused were women, single or widowed, and over 50.
Ended when people realized it was silly to think of world haunted by evil spirits
5. Peace of Westphalia—ended the Thirty Years’ War marking the end of the Holy
Roman Empire.
6. English Revolution—fought between the king and parliament over who had the
right to govern. Won by Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army.
7. divine right of kings—the idea that rulers get their power to govern from God and
are only responsible to God.
8. Oliver Cromwell—military genius who led to New Model Army to victory during
the English Revolution
9. Glorious Revolution—William and Mary came to power in England with very
little bloodshed, agreed to the English Bill of Rights and the Toleration Act of
1689
10. Thomas Hobbes—wrote Leviathan, stated the view that people were evil and selfcentered and would constantly live in conflict and chaos if left alone. He
suggested to avoid disorder in society, an absolute ruler with total power was
necessary
11. John Locke—wrote Two Treatises of Government, stated that people are born with
natural rights and through a social contract government has a responsibility to
protect those rights or be overthrown. Heavily influenced the Declaration of
Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
12. absolutism—system of government in which one person has total power, is tied
into the Divine Right of Kingship theory.
13. Time of Troubles—period following the death of Ivan the Terrible when people
revolted against his brutal policies until Michael Romanov comes to power.
14. Mannerism—ended the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of harmony,
balance, and moderation. It ignored the rules of proportion showing elongated
figures who were suffering showing heightened emotions, or religious ecstasy
15. Don Quixote—written by Miguel Cervantes, showed that both vison and hard
work were necessary to the human condition