The Leader as an Individual
1
Chapter Objectives
• Identify major personality dimensions and understand
how personality influences leadership and relationships
within organizations.
• Clarify your instrumental and end values, and recognize
how values guide thoughts and behavior.
• Define attitudes and explain their relationship to leader
behavior.
• Recognize individual differences in cognitive style and
broaden your own thinking style to expand leadership
potential.
2
Chapter Objectives (contd.)
• Practice aspects of charismatic leadership by pursuing a
vision or idea that you care deeply about and want to
share with others.
• Apply the concepts that distinguish transformational from
transactional leadership.
3
What people want in a Leader
• Integrity -- honesty
• Trust
• Job knowledge
• People skills
4
Personality
The set of unseen
characteristics and
processes that underlie a
relatively stable pattern of
behavior in response to
ideas, objects, and people
in the environment
5
Ex. 4.1
Quiet,
withdrawn,
unassertive
The Big Five Personality
Dimensions
Low
Extroversion
High
Outgoing,
energetic,
gregarious
Warm,
considerate,
good-natured
Aloof, easily
irritated
Low
Agreeableness
High
Impulsive,
carefree
Low
Conscientiousness
High
Moody, tense,
lower selfconfidence
Narrow field
of interests,
likes the triedand-true
Low
Low
Emotional Stability
Openness to Experience
High
High
Responsible,
dependable ,
goal-oriented
Stable,
confident
Imaginative,
curious, open to
new ideas
6
Personality Traits
• Locus of Control
– Defines whether a person places the primary
responsibility for what happens to him or her within
himself/herself or on outside forces
• Authoritarianism
– The belief that power and status differences should
exist in an organization
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Values
• Fundamental beliefs that an individual considers
to be important, that are relatively stable over
time, and that have an impact on attitudes and
behavior.
• End Values
– Sometimes called terminal values, these are beliefs
about the kind of goals or outcomes that are worth
trying to pursue.
• Instrumental Values
– Beliefs about the types of behavior that are
appropriate for reaching goals.
8
Attitude
• An evaluation (either positive or negative) about
people, events, or things.
• Self-Concept
– The collection of attitudes we have about ourselves;
includes self-esteem and whether a person generally
has a positive or negative feeling about him/herself.
9
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X: the assumption that
people are basically lazy and not
motivated to work and that they
have a natural tendency to avoid
responsibility
Theory Y: the assumption that
people do not inherently dislike
work and will commit themselves
willingly to work that they care
about
10
Cognitive Style
How a person perceives,
processes, interprets, and
uses information
11
12
Ex. 4.4
A
Upper
left
B
Lower
left
Hermann’s Whole Brain Model
Logical
Analytical
Fact-based
Quantitative
Organized
Sequential
Planned
Detailed
Holistic
Intuitive
Integrating
Synthesizing
Interpersonal
Feeling-based
Kinesthetic
Emotional
D
Upper
right
C
Lower
right
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
(MBTI)
Personality test that measures
how individuals differ in
gathering and evaluating
information for solving problems
and making decisions
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