ALDEHYDES AND KETONES 1 By: Dr. Siham Lahsasni ALDEHYDES: STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE General formula: RCHO or RCH=O The aldehyde group is always at the end of a chain IUPAC system: Select the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the C=O group and replace the ending by the suffix al. The CHO group is assigned the number 1 position and takes precedence over other functional groups that may the present such 2 as –OH, C=C for example. O H C H H3C Common Formaldehyde IUPAC Methanal O Cl H3C CH H3C CH2 H Acetaldehyde HO H H3CH2CH2C Propanal O C H C O Propionaldehyde Ethanal C Butyraldehyde Butanal O H H3CHC=HC 3-Hydroxypropanal 2-Chloropropanal O O C H 2-Butenal Aromatic aldehydes are usually designated as derivatives of the simplest aromatic aldehyde, Benzaldehyde. O O H H OH H H O 2N Benzaldehyde O O p-Nitrobenzaldehyde o-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde H3CO p-Methoxybenzaldehyde 3 Anisaldehyde H KETONES: STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE General formula: RCOR’ (R and R’=alkyl or aryl) Common name: listing the alkyl substitutents attached to the carbonyl group, followed by the word ketone. IUPAC system: relpace the ending –e by the suffix –one. The chain is numbred in such a way as give the lowest number to the C=O group. O H3C C O CH3 Common Dimethyl ketone IUPAC H3C C O C6 H 5 Methyl phenyl ketone Acetone Acetophenone Propanone Phenyl ethanone H3C C O CH=CH 2 H5C6 Methyl vinyl ketone C C6H5 Diphenyl ketone Benzophenone 3-Buten-2-one Diphenylmethanone 4 O O C2 H 5 O OH CHO C C2 H 5 Cyclopentylpropanone 3-Ethyl-2-hydroxycyclohexanone 5-Oxohexanal 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF KETONES AND ALDEHYDE O C + O C O C - C O Because the polarity of the carbonyl group, aldehydes and ketones are polar compounds. Dipole-dipole attractions, although important, are not as strong as intractions due to hydrogen bonding. As a result, the boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are higher than those of nonpolar alkanes, but lower than those of alcohols. C O H O H O C The lower aldehydes and ketones are soluble. 6 PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES 1- Oxidation of alcohols RCH 2 OH O CrO 3/ pyridine R Cu / heat H O CrO 3/ pyridine R2CH R OH C R Cu / heat 2- Ozonolysis of alkenes A A A A 1)O 3 A 2)Zn / H 2O O A + A O A 3- Hydration of alkynes H C C + HO H H2SO4, HgSO4 H C C OH an enol unstable C C H O carbonyl more stable 7 4- Friedel Grafts acylation O O + AlCl 3 R CH3 Cl 8 REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES 1- Reduction of carbonyl group 2 H 2 / Pd H3C OH H3C O H 1) NaBH 4 H3C OH 2) H 2O 9 2- Addition of Grignard Reagents: Formation of alcohols R R' O R + C R'MgX H 1) Dry ether R HO + C OH 2) H 2O O H3C CH C2H5MgX H 1) Dry ether 2) H 2O H3C CH C2H5 R' O C R' + R''MgX 1) Dry ether 2) H 2O R C OH R'' CH3 O + CH 3MgX 1) Dry ether 2) H 2O OH 10 3- Oxidation reaction aR-CHO or Ar-CHO KMnO4 or RCOOH or K Cr O 2 2 7 ArCOOH b- Iodoform reaction: The reaction occurs in any aldehyde or ketone containing CH3CO. O H3C C O + 3 I2 + 4 NaOH R O Na R CH3 H3C I2 / NaOH - H3C COONa + + CHI3 + + 3 NaI CHI3 O 11 4- Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide: Formation of cynohydrins R' O R C + R' R HCN C OH CN Cyanohydrin CN O H NH2 OH + OH H2 / Pt + or LiAlH 4 and H 3O HCN Benzaldehyde cyanohydrin O OH + H3O CN HCN OH + COOH Heat 5- Addition of acetylide ions: R' O R C R' + - 2 C Na R C H3 O + + R C C C R 2 OH O + H3C C - C Na + H3O + OH C 12 C CH3 6- Addition of alcohols: R'O O C R R'O + + 2 R'OH H R''OH C R OH 2 R Hemiacetal 2 Ketone Hemiketal R =H: R =Alkyl O H3C + C2H5OH H3C C H 5C 2O CH OC 2H5 CH3 C2H5OH C2H5OH + H H3C C OC 2H5 H5C2O H H3C CH Acetal HO + + 2 Ketal Hemiacetal H3C OR'' R Acetal H H O C HO + C H 2 R Aldehyde R + OC 2H5 CH3 Hemiketal C2H5OH + H H3C C OC 2H5 CH3 Ketal 13 7- Addition of Ammonia and Ammonia Derivatives NH3 C NH Imine C O NH 2OH Hydroxylamine H2N C N OH Oxime NH2 Hydrazine C N NH2 Hydrazone 14