Chapter 8 – The Jefferson Era
MONDAY
1.WORK ON KTP - LOOSE LEAF,
DEFINITION AND SIGNIFICANCE, PAY
ATTENTION TO SECTION 3 - THOSE
TERMS WILL BE ON THE TEST AND
WILL BE “SELF-DISCOVERY LEARNING” (NOT IN MY LECTURE
NOTES) ADD THE TERM “TECUMSEH”
2.SKIM CHPTR 8 SECTION 1 AND 2 IF
DONE EARLY
8.1 : Jefferson Becomes President
The Big Idea
Thomas Jefferson’s election began a new
era in American government.
Main Ideas
• The election of 1800 marked the first
peaceful transition in power from one
political party to another.
• President Jefferson’s beliefs about the
federal government were reflected in his
policies.
• Marbury v. Madison increased the power of
the judicial branch of government.
The Election of 1800
• Adams and the Federalists
• Rule by the wealthy class
• Strong federal government
• Emphasis on manufacturing
• Loose interpretation of the
Constitution
• British alliance
The Election of 1800
•
Jefferson & DemocraticRepublicans
• Rule by the people
• Strong state governments
• Emphasis on agriculture
• Strict interpretation of the
Constitution
• French alliance
The Election of 1800
• John Adams and Charles C.
Pinckney (F) Vs. Thomas
Jefferson and Aaron Burr (D-R).
• Jefferson and Burr tied, with 73
electoral votes each.
• The House broke the tie by
selecting Jefferson to be
president; Burr became vice
president.
• Leads to Twelfth Amendment
– separate vote for president and
vice president
Jefferson’s Policies
• Democratic-Republican–controlled
Congress views:
• Limit powers/protect civ lib
• Protecting nation from foreign threats
• Support will of majority
•Main functions of federal government were (support
views):
– Allowed hated Alien and Sedition Acts to expire
– Lowered military spending
– Got rid of domestic taxes (whiskey)
– Delivering mail
– Collecting customs duties
– collect, protect, deliver = main functions - kept some
Federalist ideas, like Bank of U.S.
Marbury v. Madison
BACKGROUND
• William Marbury appointed justice
of peace by President Adams just
before he left office
• Marbury’s commission was not
delivered; Jefferson took office
• Marbury sued Jefferson
administration to get his
commission
Marbury v. Madison
SUPREME COURT RULING
• The law Marbury based his claim on
was unconstitutional—Judiciary Act of
1789
• Ruled that the Supreme Court did not
hear cases like this one, according to
the Constitution; thus, the law that
Marbury used was unconstitutional.
Importance of Judicial Review
• Chief Justice John Marshall
wrote Court’s opinion in Marbury
v. Madison
• Ruling established judicial
review—Court’s power to declare
an act of Congress
unconstitutional
• Made judicial branch equal to
other two branches of
government
8.2 : The Louisiana Purchase
The Big Idea
Under President Jefferson’s leadership, the
United States added the Louisiana Territory.
Main Ideas
• As American settlers moved West, control
of the Mississippi River became more
important to the United States.
• The Louisiana Purchase almost doubled the
size of the United States.
• Expeditions led by Lewis, Clark, and Pike
increased Americans’ understanding of the
West.
Settlers Move West
• Thousands settled b/t Appalachians &
Mississippi River by 1800s
• Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio admitted
as states
• Depended on Mississippi & Ohio
Rivers to move goods east
• Jefferson worried about foreign
control of New Orleans & Louisiana
– Americans depended on the river,
which could be disrupted if a foreign
power shut down access to New
Orleans
Louisiana
Spanish Control
• Spain controlled both New
Orleans and Louisiana—land
stretching from Mississippi
River to Rocky Mountains
• Spain gave land to France in
treaty
Louisiana - PACKET
French Control
• French leader Napoléon
wanted to rebuild France’s
empire in North America
• Rebellion in French
colony of Haiti, in the
Caribbean, ended
Napoléon’s dream in 1802
The Louisiana Purchase PACKET
• Jefferson sent ambassador to
France to try to buy New Orleans
• French offered to sell all of
Louisiana.
– Napoléon wanted to set up a
North American empire
– Revolt in Haiti ruined those
plans
• Price was $15 million
• Louisiana Purchase approved by
Senate on October 20, 1803
• Nearly doubled size of U.S.
Explorers Head West
Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Expedition to explore the
Louisiana Purchase
• Led by Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark - Included 50
skilled frontiersmen
• Began near St. Louis on May 14,
1804
• Reached the Pacific Ocean in
November, 1805
Contact with Native Americans
Lewis used interpreters
to talk to leaders of each
of the peoples they met.
Told them United
States now owned land
on which Native
Americans lived.
Relied on goodwill of the peoples
they met.
- Given food by Shoshone, Nez
Percé, and others.
Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, served as a guide and interpreter.
Pike’s Exploration
• Zebulon Pike, army officer, led another
expedition to the West in 1806
• Explored area near Louisiana Territory’s
western border with New Spain
• Headed into Rocky Mountains in presentday Colorado
– Traveled into Spanish lands and was
arrested
– When finally released, still praised the
opportunities for doing business with
the Spanish
• Pike’s report offered Americans their first
description of the Southwest
THURSDAY - SECTION 8.2 CONT’D.
1.ATTENDANCE
2.WE WILL FINISH READING PACKET
3.YOU AND A PARTNER WILL WORK
THROUGH THE QUESTIONS - IF YOU
ARE DONE WORK ON STUDY GUIDE
4.OPPOSITION TO PURCHASE VIDEO
AND DISCUSSION
5.WE WILL SHARE OUT TOMORROW
AND LOOK AT PRIMARY SOURCE
DOCS ABOUT OPPOSITION TO THE
PURCHASE
SHARE OUT ANSWER KEY
1.Jefferson
2.Constitution
3.NYC - Washington, D.C.
4.Western
5.Fance and Spain
6.Shipping port to Gulf, trade, store crops
until they could be exported, gateway to
the world
7.Used by farmers to transport
goods/supplies/surplus crops - trade &
export
ANSWER KEY
8. $1 MILLION
9. U.S. would be cut off from the Gulf
because we did not help them as they had
aided us during war
10. a) Declare war and fight for land or, b)
purchase land from France
11. Napoleon Bonaparte
12. Empire
13. Sugar, raise crops, raise animals
ANSWER KEY CONT’D.
14. war and yellow fever
15. Livingston and Monroe
16. $10 million
17. $15 million (3-4 cents an acre)
18. Doubled
19. Congress
20. Doubled size, opened corridor to the
West, Miss. River made travel possible,
can now travel across land that is not
hostile
FRIDAY - SECTION 8.3
1.SHARE OUT LP QUESTIONS
2.READ THROUGH SECTION 8.3 IN THE
TEXTBOOK AND TAKE NOTES USING
GRAPH ORGANIZER
3.HAND OUT STUDY GUIDE
4.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kt
sV4bWPHsY#t=94.861522
GO TO THE TMS NIGHT OUT - TROPICAL
PARADISE!
8.3 : The Coming of the War
The Big Idea
Challenges at home and abroad led the United
States to declare war on Great Britain.
Main Ideas
• Violations of U.S. neutrality led Congress to
enact a ban on trade.
• Native Americans, Great Britain, and the
United States came into conflict in the West.
• The War Hawks led a growing call for war
with Great Britain.
Violations of Neutrality
• Overseas trade was profitable
but risky
– Barbary pirates, along the
coast of Africa, captured ships
– Attacks continued until the
U.S. sent the USS Constitution
and other warships to stop
pirates
• British vs. French in1803 - GOAL
- each tried to stop the U.S. from
aiding the other
Violations of Neutrality
• British started to stop American trade
ships to search for runnaway British
sailors
– British sailors forced to return &
sometimes U.S. citizens were taken by
accident - Impressment of sailors
– British ship Leopard stopped U.S. Navy
ship Chesapeake and took sailors by
force
– Attack on Chesapeake stunned
Americans
The United States’ Response
Embargo Act
• Embargo Act 1807, ban trade
w/all foreign countries to
punish Britain & France
• Devastated American
merchants, who lost $$$
without trade
• Damaged Jefferson &
strengthened Federalists
• Had little effect on Britain &
France
The United States’ Response
Non-Intercourse Act
• Congress replaced unpopular
Embargo Act with NonIntercourse Act 1809
• Banned trade only with Britain,
France, and their colonies
• U.S. trade would resume with first
side to stop violating American
neutrality
• No more successful than
Embargo Act
Conflict in the West
Conflict Over Land
• British and Native
Americans clashed
with American settlers
over land in the West
• British agents armed
Native Americans
along western frontier
Tecumseh Resists U.S. Settlers
• Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, emerged
as leader
• Hoped to unite Native Americans of
Northwestern Frontier, the South, and
the Eastern Mississippi Valley
• Tecumseh founded village near
Tippecanoe & Wabash rivers in Indiana
Territory
– Tecumseh was a brilliant speaker &
leader
– Wanted to unite the Native
Americans to resist settlers
The Battle of Tippecanoe
• Governor William Henry Harrison
warned Tecumseh not to resist
power of the United States
• Harrison led army in attack on
village in 1811
– Worried that with British
backing, Tecumseh could be a
serious threat to U.S. power in
the West
• U.S. forces won Battle of
Tippecanoe, and Tecumseh fled to
Canada
Call for War
War Hawks
• Evidence of British support for
Tecumseh inflamed Americans
• Some young members of
Congress from the South and
West, called War Hawks,
demanded war against Britain
• They were angered by British
trade restrictions - wanted to
invade Canada-more land to settle
The Opposition
• New England Federalists
opposed war
• British trade restrictions
hurt New England’s
economy
• Others argued that the
United States was not
ready to fight
War Declared
• Republican James Madison was
elected president in 1808
– Felt growing pressure from War
Hawks
– Decided Congress must vote on war
in 1812
• Congress voted, the War Hawks won
– Congress declared war for the first
time in the nation’s history
• Madison was reelected in 1812
– Served as commander in chief
during War of 1812
8.4: The War of 1812 FREE NOTES
The Big Idea
Great Britain and the United States went
to
battle in the War of 1812.
Main Ideas
• American forces held their own against
the British in the early battles of the
war.
• U.S. forces stopped the British
offensives in the East and South.
• The effects of the war included
prosperity and national pride.
War at Sea
Early Battles
• Britain had hundreds of
ships, scattered around the
globe
• Americans: less than 20
ships, well-trained sailors &
new warships like the
powerful USS Constitution.
• American ships victorious
in one-on-one battles
Early Battles
Along Canadian Border
• American leaders wanted to
invade Canada
• Attacks in 1812 failed
• Oliver Hazard Perry won naval
Battle of Lake Erie in 1813
• American control of Lake Erie
established
• British driven out of Northwest
in 1813
The Creek War
War erupted with Native Americans in
the South, who were angry at settlers
pushing into their lands.
Creeks attacked Fort Mims in
Alabama, killing about 250 defenders.
Andrew Jackson, leading 2,000 volunteers, defeated the
Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama in 1814.
The Treaty of Fort Jackson ended war in 1814 and forced
the Creeks to give up millions of acres of their land.
Great Britain on the Offense
British Attacks in East
• 1814 - British attacked Washington, D.C.
• Set fire to White House, Capitol
• Brit shelled Fort McHenry at Baltimore, MD
• Americans refused to surrender, Brit retreat
Battle of New Orleans
• British moved against New Orleans
– Hoped to capture city/control Miss. River
• Andrew Jackson commanded U.S. forces at New Orleans
– Troops included regular soldiers, free African
Americans, Choctaws, state militia, & pirates
• Began - January 8, 1815
– 5,300 British troops against 4,500 Americans
• British caught in open field; more than 2,000 casualties
• American victory at Battle of New Orleans made Jackson a
hero & was last major conflict of war
War Ends
Hartford Convention
• Group of New England
Federalists were going to
Hartford Convention to
oppose war, but the war
ended before the
convention
• War’s end made party
lose power
War Ends
Treaty of Ghent
• Treaty of Ghent signed
before negotiators knew
of New Orleans
• Each nation returned
conquered territory
gathered
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF WAR
OF 1812 - DON’T FORGET TO
GRAB A STUDY GUIDE!
CAUSES
1.IMPRESSEMT OF
SAILORS
2.INTERFERENCE
OF SHIPPING
3.BRIT MILITARY AID
TO NAT. AMER.’S
EFFECTS
1. Feelings of patriotism
among Americans
2. Power of many Native
American groups broken
3. Lack of goods during
blockade boosted
American manufacturing
SCHEDULE
1. TUESDAY - INSTRUCTIONS AND
GRAPH ORG FOR ESSAY
2. WEDNESDAY - REVIEW DAY WORK ON STUDY GUIDE &
ESSAY- https://youtu.be/_3Ox6vGteek skip
4:25-6:00
3. THURSDAY - TEST EDMODO
CHAPTER 8, SECTIONS 1,3,4 BRING ESSAY WITH YOU & TURN
IT IN