First Anatomy and
Physiology test
tomorrow!!!
1- trivia answers
2- systems and functions
3- science you should already know and
why you need to know it
4- review of introductory worksheet
Answers to the trivia Qs:
1. Appendix
2. Femur
3. Sternum
4. Lung
5. Thyroid
6. Pancreas
7. True
8. Kidneys
9. Foot
10.True
Overview of the Systems of the
Body

Circulatory system: blood circulations with
heart and blood vessels

Digestive system: processing food with
mouth, stomach and intestines

Endocrine system: communicating within
the body using hormones

Immune system: defending against
disease-causing agents

Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails

Lymphatic system: structures involved in
the transfer of lymph between tissues and
the blood stream

Muscular system: moving the body

Nervous system: collecting, transferring
and processing information with brain and
nerves

Reproductive system: the sex organs

Respiratory system: the organs used for
breathing, the lungs

Skeletal system: structural support and
protection through bones

Excretory/urinary/renal system: the
kidneys and associated structures involved
in the production and excretion of urine
Science you should already know
and why you need to review it.

Four macromolecules:
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Nucleic Acids
Why are carbs important?
Glucose is taken in by cells of the body
and broken down to obtain it’s energy
 Too much glucose gets stored in liver
 Not enough glucose, liver releases it
 Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake
 Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?

Why are proteins important?
Main component of muscles (skeletal,
cardiac and smooth)
 Enzymes are proteins (ex lactase)
 Proteins in nerve cells allow for nervous
impulse to transmit

Why are lipids important?
Main component of all cell membranes
 Many vitamins are fat soluble
 Cushioning and protection
 Too much or too little causes health
problems

Why are nucleic acids important?
DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of
you traits
 Genetic disorders are due to problems
with DNA sequences
 RNA helps to build proteins for the body

Enzymes work by?
Lowering activation energy to break down
or put together molecules
 Why Important?

– Almost all chemical processes in the body are
driven by enzymes.
– If enzyme is not working = illness
 Ex. lactose intolerance
ATP is important because?
It is the key energy molecule that cells use
for driving chemical reactions
 Glucose is converted into many ATPs
 ATP does work for all cells

– Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle
contracts or a nerve cell fires
We eat and breathe because?
We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can
eventually energy for our cells (ATP)
 We breathe because oxygen is needed to
fully break down glucose into ATPs
 Food and oxygen is required for the
process of cellular respiration

Chemical equation for eating and
breathing
Chemical equation for cellular respiration
is
6C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O +
energy(ATP)

Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide +
Water + ATP
Mitosis is important because?
When cells are damaged or destroyed
mitosis is the process that replaces the
cells with new ones that are identical to
the old ones
 When an organism grows, mitosis is the
process that makes new cells

Draw and label a typical animal cell
below
An ion is?

Cation = positively charged ion due to a
loss of electrons
– Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to contract, Na+
and K+ needed for a nerve impulse

Anion = negatively charged ion due to
gain of electrons
– Ex. HCO3 – maintains blood pH
An isomer is?

Molecules with the same chemical formula
and often with the same kinds of bonds
between atoms, but in which the atoms
are arranged differently.
– Ex glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6 but
they are different – your cells use glucose
directly but must convert fructose to use it
Difference between structural and
molecular formula is?
Structural formula is a graphical picture of
how a molecule is arranged
 Molecular formula is an expression of the
types and numbers of atoms in a molecule

– Glucose and fructose again as examples
Ionic bonds are?

An ionic bond is an electrical attraction
between two oppositely charged atoms or
groups of atoms
Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or
salt
 Important because these chemicals
disassociate easily in water and can then
be used to form ion gradients

Covalent bonds are?
Bonds formed between elements due to
sharing of electrons
 Very strong bonds
 Important because

– Carbon chains are covalent, cellular structures
and macromolecules are carbon based
molecules
– When a covalent bond is broken – lots of
energy is released that can be used by the
cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)
Polar and non-polar molecules
differ because?
Polar molecules – “like” water, they
dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble
vitamins, ions)
 Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t
dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon
chains)
 Why important? Basis for cells even
existing, cell membrane is formed using
polar and non-polar molecules

Valence electrons are important
because?
The electrons in the outermost shell of
atoms determine type of bonds to be
formed
 Also these electrons have potential energy
for our cells to use

– When hydrogen loses it’s one valence electron
it becomes nothing more than a proton = H+
– Proton “pumps” keep cells working
Carbon is especially important to
life because?

Living organisms are carbon-based life
forms.
– The molecules that make up our cells (carbs,
proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) are ALL
made out of carbon chains