D681 12
Session 2

• Correctly identify what you have learned from last week
• Correctly identify the anatomy of a long bone
• Correctly identify the 6 types of synovial joints and examples of each
• Correctly describe the basic movement patterns
• Correctly identify and describe the features of a synovial joint
• Correctly identify the adaptations that occur in the skeleton due to exercise

• Lets now see what you have remembered from last week
• Anatomical names of bones
Test

Revision from session 1
• 5 main functions of the skeleton
 Support
 Protection
 Movement
 Blood Cell Production
 Calcium Storage

Revision from session 1
• 5 Types of bone
 Long
 Short
 Flat
 Irregular
 Sesamoid

• The following slide contains a diagram of a long bone
• The parts labelled are the most important and a brief explanation of each is provided on the following slides
• The terms you require to be most familiar with are:
 Diaphysis
 Epiphysis
 Periosteum
 Medullary Cavity

Structure Description Function
Diaphysis Centre or shaft of the bone
Epiphysis Bulges or ends of the bone
Gives bone length
Allows attachment of tendons and ligaments
Protects the bone Periosteum Tough skin like coating
Medullary
Cavity
Hollow in the diaphysis of the bone
Contains yellow marrow

Structure Description Function
Cartilage White rubbery material
Epiphyseal
Plate
Bone
Marrow
Line between the diaphysis and epiphysis
Soft tissue which fills the medullary cavity
Protects ends of bones and acts like a shock absorber
Where bone grows longer
Red bone marrow produces red blood cells yellow produces white blood cells

Structure Description Function
Collagen Bundles of tough stringy material
Compact bone
Dense rigid part of bone
Spongy
Bone
Lies beneath compact bone in a criss cross appearance
Strengthen bone during development
Gives bone it’s strength
Allows bones to be light yet strong

Task
• You must now draw your own long bone
• The bone must be labelled with all 10 terms found in the tables above
• Take your time and make your drawing big and clear

Activity
• In your groups think about what a joint is and then make a list of all the joints you can think of in the body?

Types of Synovial Joints
• There are 6 basic types of Synovial joints:
 Hinge joint
 Ball and socket
 Pivot joint
 Condyloid (Ellipsoid/Ovoid) joint
 Gliding joint
 Saddle joint

Types of Synovial Joints
Hinge joint
– Joint which only allows movement in one plane
– Examples: Elbow, Knee and Ankle

Types of Synovial Joints
Ball and socket
– Allows the widest range of movement
– Examples: Shoulder and Hip

Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot joint
– Joint which only allows movement in one plane
– Examples: Radius and Ulna below elbow joint
Top 2 vertebrae in neck (cervicle)

Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle joint
– Joint which allows movement in two planes
– Example: Metacarpal Thumb joint

Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding joint
– Joint where flat surfaces glide past each other (normally allow movement in two planes however may permit movement in all directions)
– Examples: Carpals, Tarsals, Vertebrae

Types of Synovial Joints
Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint
– Joint which allows movement usually in two planes
– Example: Metacarpal and 1 st phalange
Radius, Ulna & Carpals (wrist)

Movement Patterns
• Flexion
 Angle between joints is decreased
 Bending action
• Extension
 Straightening action
 Angle between joints is increased
• Hyper Extension
 Extreme extension
 Usually straightening past 180º

Movement Patterns
• Horizontal Flexion
 Bending action on horizontal plane
 Angle between joints is decreased
• Horizontal Extension
 Straightening action on horizontal plane
 Angle between joints is increased

Movement Patterns



Movement Patterns
• Rotation
 A bone turns around within it’s axis
 Usually a twisting action
• Circumduction
 A bone turns around within it’s axis to make a cone like shape

Movement Patterns
• Dorsi Flexion
 The foot is raised upwards towards the tibia
• Plantar Flexion
 The toes are pointed downwards

Movement Patterns
• Supination
 Form of rotation which occurs when the palm of the hand is turned to face upwards
• Pronation
 Form of rotation which occurs when the palm of the hand is turned to face downwards

Making Movement Patterns Specific
• Whenever you use a movement pattern you must make it specific to a joint
• Simply saying extension gives us little information
• If however you say knee extension then we know exactly what type of extension we are talking about
• More importantly where in the body you are talking about

Activity – Charades
• You will now be split into small groups
• One person in the group will volunteer to go first
• Each volunteer must act out the three movements on the card and it is up to those in the group to correctly name the movement patterns
• The volunteers will then swap
• Everyone will get the opportunity to act out the movement patterns to their group

• In your small groups work out the movement patterns that are created during the exercises listed and state the joint that is involved
Task
• Lift phase – when the weight/body is lifted
• Lower phase – when the weight is lowered/body is lowered

Structure of a Synovial Joint (Knee Joint)

Features of a Synovial Knee Joint
Term
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella
Quadriceps
Description
Thigh bone
Lower leg bone (thick)
Lower leg bone (fine)
Knee Cap
Thigh muscle

Features of a Synovial Knee Joint
Bursa
Term
Cartilage
Ligaments
Description
 Fluid-filled sacs, between bones, ligaments, or other adjacent structures help cushion the friction in a joint
Cartilage is found at the end of bones and helps reduce the friction of movement
Attach bone to bone

Term
Tendon
Description
Attach bone to muscle
Synovial
Membrane
A tissue called the synovial membrane lines the joint and seals it into a joint capsule.
Synovial Fluid Synovial fluid (a clear, sticky fluid) is secreted from the synovial membrane around the joint to lubricate it.

What happens to the skeleton if you take part in sport or fitness training programme?
• Skeleton =
 Bones
 Ligaments
 Tendons
In your group make a list of all the changes that you think happen to the skeleton with exercise

Adaptations to the Skeleton with Exercise
• Increased bone density
• Increased bone strength
• Increased strength of ligaments and tendons
• Increased flexibility of ligaments and tendons

You Should Now Be Able To;
• Identify what you have learned from last week
• Identify the anatomical names of the bones in the upper body
• Identify the 6 types of synovial joints and examples of each
• Describe the basic movement patterns
• Identify and describe the features of a synovial joint