TEST TWO NOTES
TUE 1/15
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Jz3d5xMUT4&list=UUAiABuhVSMZJM
qyv4Ur5XqA&index=3&feature=
plcp
A. Describe the development of
Mesopotamian society including
religious, cultural, economic, and
political facets of society including
Hammurabi’s law code.
B. Describe the relationship of
religion and political authority in
Ancient Egypt.
D. Identifying early trading
networks and writing systems
existent in the Eastern
Mediterranean including
those of the Phoenicians.
E. Explain the development
and importance of writing
including cuneiform,
hieroglyphics, and the
Phoenician alphabet.
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
 How
did the Indo-European tribes change
our world today?
INDO-EUROPEANS
 Nomadic
people from the steppes
 Dry grasslands N of Caucus Mountains
between Black Sea and Caspian Sea.
 Pastoral – cattle, goats, sheep, horses
 Chariots
Tribes
Languages we call IndoEuropean
modern languages of Europe,
SW Asia, S Asia – English,
Spanish, Hindi, Persian
Tell where each tribe settled by
languages spoken in those
areas.
Some Slavic speakers moved N
&W
Celtic, Germanic, and Italic
tribes moved through Europe.
Greek & Persian tribes moved
South.
Aryans crossed the Hindu Kush
entered India.
Sanskrit
No one knows why these
groups left the steppes.
Grazing lands were drying up.
Over-populated
Fleeing invaders
Fleeing disease
Tower of Babel
Whatever the reason migrated
out in all directions.
HITTITE EMPIRE
 2,000
BC Hittites occupied Anatolia (Asia
Minor – Turkey)
 Peninsula in Black Sea and Med Sea
 Capital – Hattusas
 Spoke own language & Babylonian.
 Conquered the Babylonians and liked
parts of their culture (cultural diffusion)
Adopted Babylonian arts,
literature, language, and politics
Hittites excelled at war.
Conquered an Egyptian army.
Chariots of iron
Easy to maneuver
Pulled by 4 horses
ARYANS
 1,500
BC Aryans crossed the NW
mountain passes – Hindu Kush
 Entered Indus Valley of India
 Most of our knowledge of this culture
comes from Vedas.
 Sacred literature
 Four collections of scripture, prayers,
magical spells, and instructions for
performing rituals.
Most important is the Rig Veda
1,028 hymns devoted to Aryan
gods.
No written language
Passed along orally
strict about accuracy!
Mistakes received strict
consequences
First arrived in Indus valley
3 social classes
Priests – Brahmins
Warriors
Peasants
Class determined role in
society.
As they conquered new lands
acquired captives/slaves
th
4 social class – all non-Aryans
(Shudrus)
As this class grew class
restrictions became more strict.
Shudrus did the work the
Aryans did not want to do.
Varna (skin color) became a
distinguishing feature of this
system
4 social classes became known
as the Varnas.
Stayed in social class entire life.
Born into it. Could not improve
your social class.
Later in 15th century explorers
from Portugal came across this
area and the social classes and
called them the caste system.
FRI
8/16
EQ:
How did the Phoenicians affect
our modern world?
World History Standard 1
The student will analyze the
origins, structures and
interactions of complex societies
in the ancient Eastern
Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to
500 BCE.
MINOANS
 Powerful
seafaring people. Thalassocracy
 Dominated trade in the eastern Med. Sea.
 2,000 BC – 1,400 BC
 Lived on Crete
 Produced finest pottery of the era.
 Traded pottery, swords, figurines, precious
metals.
Also exported art and culture
(cultural diffusion)
Big influence on the Greeks!
Capital- Knosses
Ruled by King Minos
Legend King Minos kept a ½
human ½ bull monster called
the Minotaur.
Locked in a labyrinth or maze.
Minoans loved sports.
Boxing, wrestling, bull-leaping
Women had higher rank in
Minoan culture than in
surrounding cultures.
Polytheistic
sacrificed bulls to their gods and
possibly humans
Minoan culture ended about 1200
BC and we are not sure why.
Theories:
 Natural
disaster
 (earthquake/tsunami) or Volcano
 Over-populated
 invaders
PHOENICIANS
 1100
BC became most powerful traders in
the Med. Sea. Area now called Palestine
 Lebanon
united into a country – instead
began a number of city-states around the
Med. Sea which competed with each other
for trade.
 Never
Some of the major city-states
were Byblos, Tyre and Sidon.
All were trading centers.
Great ship-builders and
seafarers.
1st Med. People to explore past the
Strait of Gibraltar.
Explored as far out as Britain,
around Africa and Red Sea.
Colonies along coasts of Sicily,
Sardinia, and Spain. Greatest was
Carthage – North Africa.
Carthage was founded by Tyre
in 725 BC.
It was known for its slave trade,
precious metals, and ivory.
Known for their purple dye made of
Murex snails.
60,000 snails to make one pound
of dye.
Also made papyrus.
Phoenicians were merchants so
they needed a system of writing.
Theirs used symbols to
represent sounds.
Sounds were called phonetic.
One sign used for one sound.
The word alphabet comes from
two Phoenician
letters: aleph & beth.
Adopted by the Greeks.
Terms chap 4 & 5 due Tuesday
Due Today – put in box:
Headings Chap 2 (20)
Heading Chap 3 (20)
Test One is Tuesday!!!!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Jz3d5xMUT4&list=UUAiABuhVSMZJM
qyv4Ur5XqA&index=3&feature=
plcp
1. Terms chap’s 4 & 5 due Tue.
2. Test One tomorrow!
3. CE due Thur. – make-ups
4. Terms Quiz 4 & 5 Friday
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
 8/19/13
 What
two ideas (or groups) led to the
change from polytheism to monotheism?
Zoroastrianism
 founded
by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster in
Greek)
 6,000
BCE
 Oldest
of the world religions
 Persia
– Iran
 monotheism
Zoroaster - Ahura Mazda the
one uncreated creator of all
(God).
An evil spirit of violence and
death, Angra Mainyu, who
opposes Ahura Mazda.
The Zorastrian holy book is
called the Avesta
HEBREWS
 Greatest
influence on their own time and
our history (Jews)
 Bible – Hebrew nation began with
Abraham.
 Lived in Sumer
 Led by God to travel to Canaan
 Crossed Syrian Desert to borders of
Palestine.
Then crossed isthmus of Suez
into Egypt.
Settled in Land of Goshen –
east region where Nile flows
into the Med. Sea.
Lived peacefully in Egypt for
100’s of years.
As population grew Egyptians
decided to make them into
slaves.
Moses led them out of Egypt
Crossed Sinai Peninsula
Some Hebrews had been
influenced by Egyptians – idols
Mt Sinai – ten commandments –
moral laws
Yahweh or Jehovah
monotheistic
GREECE
Sea – Greece, Asia Minor,
surrounding islands.
 One of greatest civilizations in history
 Citizens might govern themselves
 Modern scientific thought/method
 Art, literature, philosophy, sculpture
 Idea of perfect human shape
 Plato & Aristotle
 Med.
GREECE GAVE THE MODERN
WORLD:
 Trial
by Jury
 Greek Myths
 Democracy
 Tragedy & Comedy
 Theatre
 Olympics
History is always influenced by
geography.
Med. Sea
World’s largest inland sea.
3 continents
1. Not a river civilization
few rivers/small amount of farm
land
Could not grow enough crops to
feed population
Became traders to survive.
Sailors, fish, colonized
2. Greece not a nation. Group
of city-states.
Isolated from each other by
mountains, travel by ship.
Greek word for city-state is
polis.
All Greek city-states had these
features in common:
Small in size – Athens 1,000 square miles
Sparta – 4,000 square miles 357.6 square miles
 Small population – 5,000-10,000 (men only)
 Gordon County 55,186 (2010 Census)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=uxOANJsSu0&feature=related
Stood on a hill (acropolis)
public meeting place – city
market - agora
Greek city-states never united.
Had a variety of governments.
From 1,000-700 BC little is
known of the Greeks.
Age of Kings
warfare, little trade
For a long time the Greek citystates were ruled by Tyrants or
powerful kings.
8/21/13
EQ – How did the Greeks affect
our modern world?
Greek culture was not advanced
and few people could read or
write.
Bards – folk songs, ballads,
epics (stories of hero’s and
great events).
Around 700 BC much of the oral
history was gathered together
and put into 2 great epics.
Iliad & the Odyssey
written by a blind poet named
Homer.
Aesop’s Fables written by
Aesop an ancient Greek.
Period of Greek history called
Homeric Age.
Epics talk about the Trojan War
and Odysseus trip home after
the Trojan War.
Greeks all spoke the same
language.
Polytheistic
gods had human desires, but
were more powerful than
humans and immortal.
Will go to Hades.
Greek gods lived on
Mt Olympus.
To explain their world the
Greeks developed myths –
traditional stories about deeds
and misdeeds
of gods.
Zeus – god of the sky & King of
gods.
Hera – wife/sister of Zeus
protector of women & marriage
Poseidon – brother of Zeus god
of the ocean (sailors)
Hades – brother of Zeus god of
Hades or underworld
Athena – daughter of Zeus
goddess of wisdom and
womanly virtue Special
protector of city-state Athens
Apollo – god of light and music
and poetry symbol of manly
beauty
The Greeks held athletic
contests to honor their gods.
The most famous were the
games held at Olympia in honor
of Zeus.
Greek Men
 Ran
the government
 Most of time away from home
 Business
 Leisure activities




Horse-back riding
Hunting/fishing
Sailing
Olympics
Greek Women
 Ran
the home!
 In most city-states had limited freedom
outside the home
 Had slaves to do most of the labor
 Not allowed to go to Olympic games
Greek children
 You
were considered a youth until the age
of 30!!
 Baby girl – decorated doorway with wreath
of wool
 Baby boy – decorated doorway with
wreath of olive branches.
Most Greek girls did NOT go to
school.
Stayed at home and learned
from mother how to run a
household.
1. CE due tomorrow (Asia)
2. Terms Quiz Friday 4 & 5
3. Timeline chapters 4 & 5
(25 events) due today!
Greek boys spent days hunting
and fishing until the
age of 6 or 7.
Then they began school.
Pets
 Birds
 Dogs
 Goats
 Tortoises
 Mice
 Never
cats!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=uLyW5UYPYYs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=SjozP5DrtDU&feature=relate
d
8/22/13
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
 In
what ways was Sparta different from
other Greek city-states?
Greek Slaves
 Very
important part of Greek culture.
 Could become a slave by being captured
 Sold into slavery
 Abandoned as a child
 Did ALL of the work
 Could not go to school

If already educated could be a tutor
SPARTA
 One
of the most important Greek citystates
 3 social classes
 Citizens of Sparta – descendent of original
founder – land divided equally
 Neighbors – immigrants – free, owned
business, never citizens
3rd group – serfs or peasants.
Called Helots – basically slaves.
Were not allowed to move freely.
Bound to the land.
Outnumbered citizens and
Neighbors 5-1!!
Treated harshly
Government –
Sparta’s law were set up by
Lycurgus.
Had an Assembly – all citizens
over 30. Elected the officials
and voted on policies.
Council of Elders – 2 kings & 28
elders. All elders had to be over
60. They proposed laws on
which the Assembly voted.
2 Kings also High Priests,
judges and commanders of the
army.
5 Ephors – sort of like our
Supreme Court. Elected by
Assembly. Guardians of the law
and served for one year.
Lives of all Spartan citizens
were regulated at birth.
The purpose of Education was
to produce a well-drilled, welldisciplined army.
Spartans believed in simplicity.
Loyal to the state.
All citizens:
 Got
an equal share of land.
 Did not need money. Needs were
provided.
 Loyal to the city-state
 Fought in the army.
 Believed babies had to be in perfect
shape.
Spartan boys
 Sent
to school at age 6 or 7.
 Lived, trained in barracks.
 Survival skills
 How to fight
 Endure pain, hunger
 Not fed well, beaten, marched without
shoes,
 Brutal training period.
18-20 Spartan males had to
pass a difficult fitness test,
military ability, and leadership
skills.
Failed – Perioikos (middle class)
just above a slave. Own
Property, business, no rights.
Passed fitness tests – full
citizen and soldier.
Still lived in barracks.
Soldier until 60.
Spartan girls
 School
at age 6-7
 Lived and trained in barracks
 Not quite as rugged, but intense.
 Gymnastics, wrestling, combat skills
 Produce strong babies
 18 fitness test
 Perioikos
Passed fitness test – free to
move around city.
Assigned a husband.
Sparta did not have:
 Works
of art
 Literature
 Architecture
 But they did have a terrifying army
Sparta teacher conference
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEItBM1
dc9o
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Cx8BrJIWqMo&feature=relat
ed
8/23/13
EQ – What made Athens a
leader among the Greek citystates?
ATHENS
 Birthplace
of democracy
 Early history ruled by tyrants
 Ostracism
 Solon wrote laws of Athens
 Place of great culture
 Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
3 social classes
 Citizens
– Metics
 Slaves
 4 rulers
 Aliens




Draco
Solon
Pisistratus
Cleisthenes
DRACO
 Ruled
in 612 BC
 Code of laws that were harsh
 were written down
 Life hard on poor
 Poor began to demand rights
SOLON
 Ruled
in 594 BC
 Mediated between debtors and creditors
 Cancelled debts
 Law no longer sold into slavery to pay off
debts
PISISTRATUS
in 560 BC – 527 BC
 Relative of Solon
 Became a tyrant
 Exiled nobles who disagreed with him.
 Lands were seized and divided among the
peasants
 Ruled
CLEISTHENES
 Came
to power in 510 BC
 Gained power after civil war
 Began democratic system of government

Solon’s Idea
 Opposed
class division
 Divided Athens into 10 tribes – geography
 Lowered voting age 20
Home of the Greek fleet
established colonies along the
Med. Sea.
Aegean Sea, Black Sea,
Adriatic Sea
brought attention to their
civilization
In 546 BC the Greeks living on
the western shore of Asia Minor
were conquered by the
Persians.
In 499 BC these Greeks
revolted against Persian rule.
Athens helped them revolt.
The revolt lasted until 479 BC.
In the end Persia won.
Began the Persian Wars.
Persians were led by Darius I.
Since Athens had aided the
Greeks in Asia Minor Darius I
decided to attack Greece.
His first attempt was in 492 BC,
but it failed. Hurricane –
300 ships ; 20,000
2nd attempt was in 490 BC.
Plains of Marathon.
Earth & water - submission
Herodotus said Greeks
outnumbered 10-1
600 ships
Same language
defending homes
phalanx – 8/4 deep
Greeks win again.
Pheidippides
26 miles – 385 yards
Darius I makes plans for full
scale attack.
In 480 BC Darius I has died (484
BC) and his son Xerxes is King.
Leads that vast fleet to attack
Greece. 500,000 men
Herodotus – drink river
Northern Greece - Narrow
mountain pass - Thermopylae
1. Terms 6 & 7 due Tuesday
2. Think tac toe due Thur
3. CE Thur (Asia)
4.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4Prc1UfuokY
Mon 8/26/13
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
 What
was the significance of the Battle of
Thermopylae?
Spartan King Leonidas worked
out a deal with the admiral of
the Athenian navy
Thermistocles.
Xerxes’ had spies.
Arrived during Greek religious
holiday – Carneia
Sparta’s Ephors refused to
allow the Spartan army to travel
during the religious holiday
300 bodyguards
Suicide mission – hold off attack
Began moving north. Picked up
allies (7,000 soldiers)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=gI6sARmxEuc
rebuilt a wall across valley
Phoenicians had used earlier for
defense
Persians amused
Size of Xerxes army took 5 days for
the back of the army to reach the
front.
Spies saw Spartans doing
gymnastics, combing their hair, and
oiling their bodies.
Persians told Greeks to
surrender.
Herodotus – arrows, sun
Mid August 480 BC
battle –
Xerxes sent Medes –
mercenaries
st
1
Spartans defeated first wave
with their swords, then acted
like they were fleeing. When
Medes charged they were
bunched and Spartans pushed
them off the cliff!
nd
2
Xerxes sent a
group of
mercenaries Cissians next.
They were defeated just as
easily. 3 times that day Xerxes
jumped up in fear that the
Spartans would destroy his
army.
Next day Xerxes sent word
Spartans could go free.
“Molon labe” –
come and take us
Immortals – 10,000
Brother - Hydarnes
Strong, disciplined soldiers,
Spartans weapons were better.
Spartans defeat Immortals and
kill Hydarnes.
Persians demoralized
A traitor, Ephialtes, told Xerxes
about a goat path around the
valley.
He sent 10,000 more troops to get
behind the Spartans.
Greeks heard them coming and
Leonidas sends other Greeks
home to fight another day.
Many of the 300 dead/wounded
by now, but rest refuse to leave.
Older – warrior, not messenger
lost eyes – lead to fight
On the 3rd day the Spartans
attacked the Persians with the
intent to do as much damage as
possible.
Leonidis killed – retrieve body
Xerxes lines valley walls with
archers and kills all remaining
Spartans.
Leonidas’ body beheaded
20,000 Persians killed
1. Think-Tac-Toe due Thur
2. Terms chap 6 & 7 due Tue
3. Headings Chap 6 (15) due
today
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=mzqPxkDPfrw
8/27/13
What was the significance of the
Battle of Thermopylae?
Persians marched to Athens.
Themistocles evacuates city.
Days later Greek navy tricks
Xerxes and defeats Persian
navy
Persians go home.
Athens took credit for defeating
Persians.
Sparta considered attacking
Persia but afraid of slave revolt
Delian League – 140 city-states
Athenian leader Pericles
Used power to make Athens strong
and weaken Corinth.
Peloponnesus – Peloponnesian
War 431 – 404.
Sparta will eventually win, but
Greece will be weakened.
Macedonia nation to north
Ruler Phillip – captive in youth held
in Greece admired culture
Took advantage of
Peloponnesian War and
invaded Greece.
Greeks did not like being ruled.
Phillip planned to attack Persia
Before he could he was
assassinated.
Succeeded in 336 BC by
20 year old son
Alexander
TEST TWO
Wed 9/4