TEST TWO NOTES TUE 1/15 http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Jz3d5xMUT4&list=UUAiABuhVSMZJM qyv4Ur5XqA&index=3&feature= plcp A. Describe the development of Mesopotamian society including religious, cultural, economic, and political facets of society including Hammurabi’s law code. B. Describe the relationship of religion and political authority in Ancient Egypt. D. Identifying early trading networks and writing systems existent in the Eastern Mediterranean including those of the Phoenicians. E. Explain the development and importance of writing including cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and the Phoenician alphabet. ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the Indo-European tribes change our world today? INDO-EUROPEANS Nomadic people from the steppes Dry grasslands N of Caucus Mountains between Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Pastoral – cattle, goats, sheep, horses Chariots Tribes Languages we call IndoEuropean modern languages of Europe, SW Asia, S Asia – English, Spanish, Hindi, Persian Tell where each tribe settled by languages spoken in those areas. Some Slavic speakers moved N &W Celtic, Germanic, and Italic tribes moved through Europe. Greek & Persian tribes moved South. Aryans crossed the Hindu Kush entered India. Sanskrit No one knows why these groups left the steppes. Grazing lands were drying up. Over-populated Fleeing invaders Fleeing disease Tower of Babel Whatever the reason migrated out in all directions. HITTITE EMPIRE 2,000 BC Hittites occupied Anatolia (Asia Minor – Turkey) Peninsula in Black Sea and Med Sea Capital – Hattusas Spoke own language & Babylonian. Conquered the Babylonians and liked parts of their culture (cultural diffusion) Adopted Babylonian arts, literature, language, and politics Hittites excelled at war. Conquered an Egyptian army. Chariots of iron Easy to maneuver Pulled by 4 horses ARYANS 1,500 BC Aryans crossed the NW mountain passes – Hindu Kush Entered Indus Valley of India Most of our knowledge of this culture comes from Vedas. Sacred literature Four collections of scripture, prayers, magical spells, and instructions for performing rituals. Most important is the Rig Veda 1,028 hymns devoted to Aryan gods. No written language Passed along orally strict about accuracy! Mistakes received strict consequences First arrived in Indus valley 3 social classes Priests – Brahmins Warriors Peasants Class determined role in society. As they conquered new lands acquired captives/slaves th 4 social class – all non-Aryans (Shudrus) As this class grew class restrictions became more strict. Shudrus did the work the Aryans did not want to do. Varna (skin color) became a distinguishing feature of this system 4 social classes became known as the Varnas. Stayed in social class entire life. Born into it. Could not improve your social class. Later in 15th century explorers from Portugal came across this area and the social classes and called them the caste system. FRI 8/16 EQ: How did the Phoenicians affect our modern world? World History Standard 1 The student will analyze the origins, structures and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE. MINOANS Powerful seafaring people. Thalassocracy Dominated trade in the eastern Med. Sea. 2,000 BC – 1,400 BC Lived on Crete Produced finest pottery of the era. Traded pottery, swords, figurines, precious metals. Also exported art and culture (cultural diffusion) Big influence on the Greeks! Capital- Knosses Ruled by King Minos Legend King Minos kept a ½ human ½ bull monster called the Minotaur. Locked in a labyrinth or maze. Minoans loved sports. Boxing, wrestling, bull-leaping Women had higher rank in Minoan culture than in surrounding cultures. Polytheistic sacrificed bulls to their gods and possibly humans Minoan culture ended about 1200 BC and we are not sure why. Theories: Natural disaster (earthquake/tsunami) or Volcano Over-populated invaders PHOENICIANS 1100 BC became most powerful traders in the Med. Sea. Area now called Palestine Lebanon united into a country – instead began a number of city-states around the Med. Sea which competed with each other for trade. Never Some of the major city-states were Byblos, Tyre and Sidon. All were trading centers. Great ship-builders and seafarers. 1st Med. People to explore past the Strait of Gibraltar. Explored as far out as Britain, around Africa and Red Sea. Colonies along coasts of Sicily, Sardinia, and Spain. Greatest was Carthage – North Africa. Carthage was founded by Tyre in 725 BC. It was known for its slave trade, precious metals, and ivory. Known for their purple dye made of Murex snails. 60,000 snails to make one pound of dye. Also made papyrus. Phoenicians were merchants so they needed a system of writing. Theirs used symbols to represent sounds. Sounds were called phonetic. One sign used for one sound. The word alphabet comes from two Phoenician letters: aleph & beth. Adopted by the Greeks. Terms chap 4 & 5 due Tuesday Due Today – put in box: Headings Chap 2 (20) Heading Chap 3 (20) Test One is Tuesday!!!! http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Jz3d5xMUT4&list=UUAiABuhVSMZJM qyv4Ur5XqA&index=3&feature= plcp 1. Terms chap’s 4 & 5 due Tue. 2. Test One tomorrow! 3. CE due Thur. – make-ups 4. Terms Quiz 4 & 5 Friday ESSENTIAL QUESTION 8/19/13 What two ideas (or groups) led to the change from polytheism to monotheism? Zoroastrianism founded by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster in Greek) 6,000 BCE Oldest of the world religions Persia – Iran monotheism Zoroaster - Ahura Mazda the one uncreated creator of all (God). An evil spirit of violence and death, Angra Mainyu, who opposes Ahura Mazda. The Zorastrian holy book is called the Avesta HEBREWS Greatest influence on their own time and our history (Jews) Bible – Hebrew nation began with Abraham. Lived in Sumer Led by God to travel to Canaan Crossed Syrian Desert to borders of Palestine. Then crossed isthmus of Suez into Egypt. Settled in Land of Goshen – east region where Nile flows into the Med. Sea. Lived peacefully in Egypt for 100’s of years. As population grew Egyptians decided to make them into slaves. Moses led them out of Egypt Crossed Sinai Peninsula Some Hebrews had been influenced by Egyptians – idols Mt Sinai – ten commandments – moral laws Yahweh or Jehovah monotheistic GREECE Sea – Greece, Asia Minor, surrounding islands. One of greatest civilizations in history Citizens might govern themselves Modern scientific thought/method Art, literature, philosophy, sculpture Idea of perfect human shape Plato & Aristotle Med. GREECE GAVE THE MODERN WORLD: Trial by Jury Greek Myths Democracy Tragedy & Comedy Theatre Olympics History is always influenced by geography. Med. Sea World’s largest inland sea. 3 continents 1. Not a river civilization few rivers/small amount of farm land Could not grow enough crops to feed population Became traders to survive. Sailors, fish, colonized 2. Greece not a nation. Group of city-states. Isolated from each other by mountains, travel by ship. Greek word for city-state is polis. All Greek city-states had these features in common: Small in size – Athens 1,000 square miles Sparta – 4,000 square miles 357.6 square miles Small population – 5,000-10,000 (men only) Gordon County 55,186 (2010 Census) http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=uxOANJsSu0&feature=related Stood on a hill (acropolis) public meeting place – city market - agora Greek city-states never united. Had a variety of governments. From 1,000-700 BC little is known of the Greeks. Age of Kings warfare, little trade For a long time the Greek citystates were ruled by Tyrants or powerful kings. 8/21/13 EQ – How did the Greeks affect our modern world? Greek culture was not advanced and few people could read or write. Bards – folk songs, ballads, epics (stories of hero’s and great events). Around 700 BC much of the oral history was gathered together and put into 2 great epics. Iliad & the Odyssey written by a blind poet named Homer. Aesop’s Fables written by Aesop an ancient Greek. Period of Greek history called Homeric Age. Epics talk about the Trojan War and Odysseus trip home after the Trojan War. Greeks all spoke the same language. Polytheistic gods had human desires, but were more powerful than humans and immortal. Will go to Hades. Greek gods lived on Mt Olympus. To explain their world the Greeks developed myths – traditional stories about deeds and misdeeds of gods. Zeus – god of the sky & King of gods. Hera – wife/sister of Zeus protector of women & marriage Poseidon – brother of Zeus god of the ocean (sailors) Hades – brother of Zeus god of Hades or underworld Athena – daughter of Zeus goddess of wisdom and womanly virtue Special protector of city-state Athens Apollo – god of light and music and poetry symbol of manly beauty The Greeks held athletic contests to honor their gods. The most famous were the games held at Olympia in honor of Zeus. Greek Men Ran the government Most of time away from home Business Leisure activities Horse-back riding Hunting/fishing Sailing Olympics Greek Women Ran the home! In most city-states had limited freedom outside the home Had slaves to do most of the labor Not allowed to go to Olympic games Greek children You were considered a youth until the age of 30!! Baby girl – decorated doorway with wreath of wool Baby boy – decorated doorway with wreath of olive branches. Most Greek girls did NOT go to school. Stayed at home and learned from mother how to run a household. 1. CE due tomorrow (Asia) 2. Terms Quiz Friday 4 & 5 3. Timeline chapters 4 & 5 (25 events) due today! Greek boys spent days hunting and fishing until the age of 6 or 7. Then they began school. Pets Birds Dogs Goats Tortoises Mice Never cats! http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=uLyW5UYPYYs http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=SjozP5DrtDU&feature=relate d 8/22/13 ESSENTIAL QUESTION In what ways was Sparta different from other Greek city-states? Greek Slaves Very important part of Greek culture. Could become a slave by being captured Sold into slavery Abandoned as a child Did ALL of the work Could not go to school If already educated could be a tutor SPARTA One of the most important Greek citystates 3 social classes Citizens of Sparta – descendent of original founder – land divided equally Neighbors – immigrants – free, owned business, never citizens 3rd group – serfs or peasants. Called Helots – basically slaves. Were not allowed to move freely. Bound to the land. Outnumbered citizens and Neighbors 5-1!! Treated harshly Government – Sparta’s law were set up by Lycurgus. Had an Assembly – all citizens over 30. Elected the officials and voted on policies. Council of Elders – 2 kings & 28 elders. All elders had to be over 60. They proposed laws on which the Assembly voted. 2 Kings also High Priests, judges and commanders of the army. 5 Ephors – sort of like our Supreme Court. Elected by Assembly. Guardians of the law and served for one year. Lives of all Spartan citizens were regulated at birth. The purpose of Education was to produce a well-drilled, welldisciplined army. Spartans believed in simplicity. Loyal to the state. All citizens: Got an equal share of land. Did not need money. Needs were provided. Loyal to the city-state Fought in the army. Believed babies had to be in perfect shape. Spartan boys Sent to school at age 6 or 7. Lived, trained in barracks. Survival skills How to fight Endure pain, hunger Not fed well, beaten, marched without shoes, Brutal training period. 18-20 Spartan males had to pass a difficult fitness test, military ability, and leadership skills. Failed – Perioikos (middle class) just above a slave. Own Property, business, no rights. Passed fitness tests – full citizen and soldier. Still lived in barracks. Soldier until 60. Spartan girls School at age 6-7 Lived and trained in barracks Not quite as rugged, but intense. Gymnastics, wrestling, combat skills Produce strong babies 18 fitness test Perioikos Passed fitness test – free to move around city. Assigned a husband. Sparta did not have: Works of art Literature Architecture But they did have a terrifying army Sparta teacher conference http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEItBM1 dc9o http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Cx8BrJIWqMo&feature=relat ed 8/23/13 EQ – What made Athens a leader among the Greek citystates? ATHENS Birthplace of democracy Early history ruled by tyrants Ostracism Solon wrote laws of Athens Place of great culture Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle 3 social classes Citizens – Metics Slaves 4 rulers Aliens Draco Solon Pisistratus Cleisthenes DRACO Ruled in 612 BC Code of laws that were harsh were written down Life hard on poor Poor began to demand rights SOLON Ruled in 594 BC Mediated between debtors and creditors Cancelled debts Law no longer sold into slavery to pay off debts PISISTRATUS in 560 BC – 527 BC Relative of Solon Became a tyrant Exiled nobles who disagreed with him. Lands were seized and divided among the peasants Ruled CLEISTHENES Came to power in 510 BC Gained power after civil war Began democratic system of government Solon’s Idea Opposed class division Divided Athens into 10 tribes – geography Lowered voting age 20 Home of the Greek fleet established colonies along the Med. Sea. Aegean Sea, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea brought attention to their civilization In 546 BC the Greeks living on the western shore of Asia Minor were conquered by the Persians. In 499 BC these Greeks revolted against Persian rule. Athens helped them revolt. The revolt lasted until 479 BC. In the end Persia won. Began the Persian Wars. Persians were led by Darius I. Since Athens had aided the Greeks in Asia Minor Darius I decided to attack Greece. His first attempt was in 492 BC, but it failed. Hurricane – 300 ships ; 20,000 2nd attempt was in 490 BC. Plains of Marathon. Earth & water - submission Herodotus said Greeks outnumbered 10-1 600 ships Same language defending homes phalanx – 8/4 deep Greeks win again. Pheidippides 26 miles – 385 yards Darius I makes plans for full scale attack. In 480 BC Darius I has died (484 BC) and his son Xerxes is King. Leads that vast fleet to attack Greece. 500,000 men Herodotus – drink river Northern Greece - Narrow mountain pass - Thermopylae 1. Terms 6 & 7 due Tuesday 2. Think tac toe due Thur 3. CE Thur (Asia) 4. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=4Prc1UfuokY Mon 8/26/13 ESSENTIAL QUESTION What was the significance of the Battle of Thermopylae? Spartan King Leonidas worked out a deal with the admiral of the Athenian navy Thermistocles. Xerxes’ had spies. Arrived during Greek religious holiday – Carneia Sparta’s Ephors refused to allow the Spartan army to travel during the religious holiday 300 bodyguards Suicide mission – hold off attack Began moving north. Picked up allies (7,000 soldiers) http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=gI6sARmxEuc rebuilt a wall across valley Phoenicians had used earlier for defense Persians amused Size of Xerxes army took 5 days for the back of the army to reach the front. Spies saw Spartans doing gymnastics, combing their hair, and oiling their bodies. Persians told Greeks to surrender. Herodotus – arrows, sun Mid August 480 BC battle – Xerxes sent Medes – mercenaries st 1 Spartans defeated first wave with their swords, then acted like they were fleeing. When Medes charged they were bunched and Spartans pushed them off the cliff! nd 2 Xerxes sent a group of mercenaries Cissians next. They were defeated just as easily. 3 times that day Xerxes jumped up in fear that the Spartans would destroy his army. Next day Xerxes sent word Spartans could go free. “Molon labe” – come and take us Immortals – 10,000 Brother - Hydarnes Strong, disciplined soldiers, Spartans weapons were better. Spartans defeat Immortals and kill Hydarnes. Persians demoralized A traitor, Ephialtes, told Xerxes about a goat path around the valley. He sent 10,000 more troops to get behind the Spartans. Greeks heard them coming and Leonidas sends other Greeks home to fight another day. Many of the 300 dead/wounded by now, but rest refuse to leave. Older – warrior, not messenger lost eyes – lead to fight On the 3rd day the Spartans attacked the Persians with the intent to do as much damage as possible. Leonidis killed – retrieve body Xerxes lines valley walls with archers and kills all remaining Spartans. Leonidas’ body beheaded 20,000 Persians killed 1. Think-Tac-Toe due Thur 2. Terms chap 6 & 7 due Tue 3. Headings Chap 6 (15) due today http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=mzqPxkDPfrw 8/27/13 What was the significance of the Battle of Thermopylae? Persians marched to Athens. Themistocles evacuates city. Days later Greek navy tricks Xerxes and defeats Persian navy Persians go home. Athens took credit for defeating Persians. Sparta considered attacking Persia but afraid of slave revolt Delian League – 140 city-states Athenian leader Pericles Used power to make Athens strong and weaken Corinth. Peloponnesus – Peloponnesian War 431 – 404. Sparta will eventually win, but Greece will be weakened. Macedonia nation to north Ruler Phillip – captive in youth held in Greece admired culture Took advantage of Peloponnesian War and invaded Greece. Greeks did not like being ruled. Phillip planned to attack Persia Before he could he was assassinated. Succeeded in 336 BC by 20 year old son Alexander TEST TWO Wed 9/4