BIOLOGI MOLEKULER
I. Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler
II. Materi Genetik
Struktur dan Sifat Asam Nukleat
Replikasi DNA, Mutasi dan Repair DNA
III. Ekspresi
Gena
Transkripsi, Translasi, dan Regulasi
IV. Pertumbuhan
Sel Eukariot
Sel Signaling dan Siklus Sel
V. Transformasi
Genetik
Rekombinasi, Transposon dan Retrovirus
III. DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Lodish, H., Berk, A., Zipursky, A.L., Matsudaira, P., Baltimore, D., Darnell, J., 2000,
Molecular cell Biology, 4th ed., Freeman and Company, New York.
Alberts,B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Robert, K., Watson, JD., 1994, Molecular
Biology of the Cell, 3th ed.,Garland Publishing, Inc, New York.
Devlin T.M., 2002, Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 5th ed., wiley-Liss,
New York.
Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L., Stryer.,2002, Biochemistry, 5th ed.,W.H. Freeman
and Company, New York.
Freifelder, D.,1987, Molecular Biology, 2th ed., Jones and Bartlett Publisher,
Boston.
Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J., 1998, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and
Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2nd. Ed. ASM Press, Washington DC.
Brown, T.A., 2001, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis, An Introduction, 4th ed.,
Blackwell Science, UK
Human 2.9x109 bp
46
(Berg JM et al, 2002)
REKAYASA GENETIK
TEKNOLOGI GENA FARMASETIK
PERBEDAAN PROKARIOT & EUKARIOT
Prokariot
Eukariot
Organisme
Bakteria dan
sianobakteria
Fungi, hewan, manusia
Ukuran sel
1 - 10m
5 - 100m
Organel
Beberapa / tidak ada
Inti, mitokondria, kloroplast
GENOM
Sirkuler dalam
sitoplasma,
Satu molekul kromosom
Linier panjang, dipak rapi dgn
protein histon dalam inti.
Manusia mempunyai 46
cromosom
RNA dan
protein
Disintesis dalam
sitoplasma
RNA : dalam inti, Protein:
dalam sitoplasma
Organisasi
Unisel
Multisel
DNA
mRNA
mRNA
RNAses
IFs, EF, RF
Translation
Regulatory factors
Proteins
Decay
Turnover
Localization
Interactions
Modification
Pre-mRNA
Capping
Polyadenylation
Splicing
mRNA
Storage
mRNA
RNAses
eIFs, eEF, eRF
Translation
Regulatory factors
Proteins
Decay
Turnover
Localization
Interactions
Modification
(PO4/dPO4, glycosylation)
II. MATERI GENETIK
Mahluk hidup tersusun dari  SEL
yang dapat membelah dan menurunkan
INFORMASI GENETIK nya
Dibawa oleh DNA : rantai polimer panjang yang merupakan
rangkaian dari jutaan nukleotida
Fragmen DNA yang mengkode protein, suatu unit
keturunan  Gena
Molekul DNA yang terdiri dari beberapa gena di
paking membentuk CHROMOSOM
Total informasi genetik yang tersimpan
dalam kromosom  GENOM
What Is Cloning?
• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a
living organism, such as the famous sheep
‘Dolly’
• Similar to an identical twin
The Making of Dolly
Cloning depends on DNA
Step 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep egg
Step 2: Transfer nuclei from the Mother
Empty
DNA
DNA
Sheep Egg
Mother’s Egg
Hello Dolly
July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the
Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
She was cloned using a cell taken from a healthy
six-year-old sheep
Cloning and the Cell
Nucleus
Its all about DNA
Cloning Depends on DNA
Nucleus
Chromosome
Good-Bye Dolly


At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature
aging.
Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive
lung disease (symptom of old age)
• Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when she
was born - WHY?
It’s all about DNA
Telomeres
Telomeres
TTAGGG
Gene 1
Gene 2
Chromosome
DNA
Telomere Length Declines
8,000
Telomere length
in base pairs
(human white
blood cells)
3,000
1,500
0 35 65
Age (years)
More on Dolly and Cloning
Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned
embryos to produce one sheep, meaning
276 failed.
Question
How many failures will it
take to produce a human
Other Cloned Animals
July 1998
cloned calves
Cloned
mouse
Cloned
mule
Future Experiments
ButterCat
CatCow
Future Experiments
SparrowBoxer
TigerOwl
JUMLAH BASA VS KOMPLEKS
MAKHLUK
Chromosomes
16
6
24
Chromosomes
78
40
46
Human Genome
• Genome inti
23 pasang kromosome  2x (4x109 bp)
 2 m DNA/sel
• Genome mitokondria
Some organisms are diploid - that is, they
have paired homologous chromosomes in
their somatic cells, and thus contain two
copies of each gene.
An organism in which both copies of the
gene are identical - that is, have the same
allele - is said to be homozygous for that
gene. An organism which has two
different alleles of the gene is said to be
heterozygous
Human 4 x 109
 22 autosom yang berbeda
2 sex kromosom
Masing2 single linier DNA
E. Coli 4.7 x 106  1 Chromosom
40 – 50 loop superkoil
Kromosom
tanpa histon
DNA
CHROMOSOME
KROMOSOM
CENTROMER
region dari chromosom yang diperlukan untuk
pengikatan mitotic spindle saat proses mitosis
TELOMER
fragmen di ujung chromosom linier
replikasi secara khusus
untuk mencegah perpendekan chromosom
ORIGIN REPLIKASI
tempat awal replikasi berlangsung
Introduction
The Central Dogma
of Molecular Biology
Cell
Transcription
Translation
Reverse
tanscription DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Polypeptide
(protein)
KOMPOSISI GENA
FUNGSIONAL
PROMOTER
OPERATOR
ACTIVATOR BINDING SITE
STRUKTURAL GEN : mRNA
TERMINATOR